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THE BOARDS > NEURO > Flashcards

NEURO Flashcards

1
Q

Primary brain vesicles

A

Prosencephalon
Mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon

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2
Q

What does the prosencephalon develop into?

A

Telencephalon

Diencephalon

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3
Q

What does the Rhombencephalon develop into?

A

Metencephalon

Myelencephalon

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4
Q

What does the mesencephalon develop into?

A

Midbrain

Cerebral aquaduct

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5
Q

What does the telencephalon develop into?

A

Cerebrum

Lateral ventricles

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6
Q

What does the diencephalon develop into?

A

Thalamus
Epithalamus
Hypothalamus
Third ventricle

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7
Q

What does the metencephalon develop into?

A

Pons
Cerebellum
Top 1/2 fourth ventricle

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8
Q

What does the myelencephalon develop into?

A

Medulla oblongata

Lower fourth ventricle

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9
Q

Myenteric Plexus

A 
Part of the enteric nervous system
In muscularis (in between longitudinal and circular layers), from lower esophagus to anus

Controls motility

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10
Q

Submucosal Plexus

A

Part of the enteric nervous system

In submucosal layer of the epithelium, from stomach to anus.
Acts on mucosal layer.

Controls secretions

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11
Q

Major enteric plexuses

A

Myenteric

Submucosal

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12
Q

Enteric sensory receptors

A

Chemoreceptors

Mechanoreceptors

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13
Q

Two major classes of neurotransmitters

A

Small molecule NTs

Neuropeptides

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14
Q

Small Molecule Neurotransmitters

A

Include:

  1. ACh
  2. Biogenic amines
  3. Nitric oxide
  4. Carbon monoxide
  5. ATP and other purines
  6. Amino acids
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15
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Small molecule neurotransmitter

Can be excitatory or inhibitory

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16
Q

Cholinergic neurons

A

Release ACh. They include:
All somatic motor neurons
All ANS preganglionic neurons
All parasymphathetic postganglionic neurons
Sympathetic postganglionic neurons that synapse with sweat glands

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17
Q

Cholinergic receptors

A
  1. Nicotinic
    - ANS postsynaptic neurons
    - chromaffin cells
    - motor end plates
  2. Muscarinic
    - all parasympathetic effectors
    - sweat glands
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18
Q

Amino acids (as neurotransmitters)

A

Mostly CNS
Excitatory: Glutamate and aspartate
Inhibitory: GABA and glycine

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19
Q

Valium enhances the action of what NT?

A

GABA

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20
Q

Biogenic Amines

A

NTs made from decarboxylated amino acids

Include Catecholamines and Seratonin

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21
Q

Catecholamines

A

Biogenic Amines synthesized from tyrosine
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Dopamine

22
Q

Dopamine

A

Catecholamine (biogenic amine)

Involved in emotional responses, addiction, pleasure, regulation of skeletal muscle tone

23
Q

Seratonin

A

5HT
Biogenic amine
Made by raphe nuclei

Sensory perception, temperature regulation, mood, appetite, sleep induction

24
Q

Viagra acts by enhancing the action of what NT?

A

Nitric oxide

25
Q

Neuropeptides

A

NTs
30-40 amino acids linked by peptide bonds
Excitatory and inhibitory

Enkephalins
Endorphins
Dynorphins
Substance P

26
Q

C5 reflex

A

Biceps brachii

27
Q

C6 reflex

A

Brachioradialis

28
Q

C7 reflex

A

Triceps

29
Q

C2 dermatome/myotome

A

Dermatome:Side of head

Myotome(with c1): cervical flexion/extension

30
Q

C3 dermatome/myotome

A

Derm: Side of neck
Myo: cervical lateral flexion

31
Q

C4 dermatome/myotome

A

Derm: Over shoulders

Myotome: shoulder elevation

32
Q

C5 dermatome/myotome

A

Derm: lateral biceps

Myo: shoulder abduction

33
Q

C6 dermatome/myotome

A

Derm: lateral forearm to thumb

Myotome: elbow flexion, wrist extension

34
Q

C7 dermatome/myotome

A

Derm: dorsal forearm to middle finger

Myo: elbow extension wrist flexion

35
Q

Adrenergic Receptors

A

Receptors for norepinephrine and epinephrine.

Alpha and Beta.
Alpha1 and Beta1: excitatory
Alpha2 and Beta2: inhibitory
Beta3: brown adipose only (thermogenesis)

NE acts more strongly on alpha receptors.
Epinephrine acts on both.

36
Q

Cervical Plexus

A

C1-5

Sensation to the skin and muscles of the head, neck, and superior chest and neck. Motor innervation of infrahyoid and geniohyoid muscles, diaphragm, preverterbral muscles.

37
Q

Cervical Plexus: Superficial Branches

A

Sensory

C2 lesser occipital
C2-3 greater auricular
C2-3 transverse cervical
C3-4 supraclavicular

38
Q

Lesser occipital nerve

A

Cervical plexus (superficial)
C2
Sensory

Skin of scalp posterior and anterior to ear

39
Q

Greater auricular nerve

A

Cervical plexus (superficial)
C2-3
Sensory

Skin of scalp anterior, inferior and over ear; over parotid glands

40
Q

Transverse cervical nerve

A

Cervical plexus (superficial)
C2-3
Sensory

Skin over lateral and anterior neck

41
Q

Supraclavicular nerve

A

Cervical plexus (superficial)
C3-4
Sensory

Skin over superior chest, shoulders

42
Q

Cervical Plexus: Deep branches

A

Mostly motor

C1 Superior Ansa cervicalis
C2-3 Inferior Ansa cervicalis
C3-5 Phrenic
C1-5 segmental

43
Q

Superior ansa cervicalis

A

Cervical plexus (deep)
C1
Motor

infrahyoid and geniohyoid muscles

44
Q

Inferior ansa cervicalis

A

Cervical plexus (deep)
C2-3
Motor

infrahyoid

45
Q

Phrenic nerve

A

Cervical plexus (deep)
C3-5
motor

diaphragm

46
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

Progressive degeneration of the substantial nigra –> decreased dopamine

47
Q

Parkinson’s Disease: Cardinal signs

A 
Resting tremors
Bradykinesia
Festinating gate
Tremors 
Rigidity
Sound sensitivity
Eventual loss of balance
48
Q

“Pill rolling” is associated with what disorder?

A

Parkinson’s disease

49
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A

Progressive demyelination of nerves in the brain stem, cerebellum and spinal cord.

50
Q

Huntingtons Disease

A

Autosomal dominant neurodegenerative condition

Degeneration of the putamen and caudate nucleus –> overexcitation of thalamocortical pathway

Motor (chorea), psychiatric, and cognitive symptoms.

51
Q

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

A

Progressive motor neurone disease

Degeneration and scarring of motor neurons in the spinal cord, brain stem and cerebral cortex

Muscle wasting and gliotic hardening

Possible cortical involvement.

UMN and LMN

THE BOARDS (5 decks)

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