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AH Chemistry > synthetic routes > Flashcards

synthetic routes Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the nucleophilic substitution reactions of haloalkanes

A
  • aqueous alkalis to form alcohols - KOH or NaOH
  • alcoholic oxides to form ethers - potassium methoxide in methanol
  • ethanolic potassium or sodium cyanide to form nitriles
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2
Q

what do haloalkanes react with to form alcohols

A

aqueous alkalis like KOH or NaOH

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3
Q

what do haloalkanes react with to form ethers

A

alcoholic oxides like potassium methoxide in methanol

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4
Q

what do haloalkanes react with to form nitriles

A

ethanolic potassium or sodium cyanide

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5
Q

what do hydrogen halides eliminate from to produce alkenes

A

monohaloalkanes

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6
Q

how are alkenes forms from monohaloalkanes

A

elimination reaction with hydrogen halids - heating under reflux with ethanolic potassium or sodium hydroxide in ethanol

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7
Q

how can alcohols be prepared

A
  • from monohaloalkanes by heating under reflux with aqueous sodium or potassium hydroxide (nucleophilic substitution)
  • from alkenes by reacting with water with sulfuric as a catalyst (acid catalysed addition)
  • from aldehydes and ketones by reaction with lithium aluminium hydride dissolved in ether (reduction reaction)
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8
Q

how are alcohols prepared by nucleophilic substitution

A

monohaloalkanes heated under reflux with NaOH or KOH

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9
Q

how are alcohols prepared by acid catalysed addition

A

alkenes and water with sulfuric acid as a catalyst

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10
Q

how are alcohols prepared by reduction

A

aldehydes and ketones with lithium aluminium hydride dissolved in ether

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11
Q

what are the three reaction types that can form alchols

A
  • nucleophilic substitution
  • acid catalysed addition
  • reduction
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12
Q

what are the different reactions that alchols can take part in

A
  • displacement
  • elimination
  • condensation
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13
Q

how do alcohols take part in displacement reactions

A

by reacting with reactive metals

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14
Q

how do alcohols take part in elimination reactions

A

by reacting with aluminium oxide or concentrated sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid to form alkenes

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15
Q

how do alcohols take part in condensation reactions

A

by reacting with carboxylic acids or acidchlorids to form esters

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16
Q

how do alcohols form alkoxides

A

displacement reaction with reactive metals

17
Q

how do alcohols form alkenes

A

elimination reaction with aluminim oxide, concentrated sulfuric acid or concentrated phosphoric

18
Q

how do alcohols form esters

A

condensation reaction with carboxylic acids or acid chlorides

19
Q

how can ethers be prepared

A

nucleophilic substitution - refluxing a haloalkane with an alkoxide

20
Q

how can alkenes be prepared

A

dehydration of alcohols
base induced elimination of hydrogen halides from haloalkanes

21
Q

how are alkenes prepared from alcohols

A

by dehydrating them

22
Q

how are alkenes prepared from hydrogen halides from haloalkanes

A

base enduced elimination of the hydrogen halides

23
Q

what reactions can alkenes undergo

A

addition with hydrogen to form alkanes
addition with halogens to form dihaloalkanes
addition with hydrogen halids to form monohaloalkanes
addition with water to form alcohols

24
Q

what is markovnikovs rule

A

the main product of the reaction between an unsymmetrical alkene and a hydrogen halide or water is the one in which the hydrogen atom adds to the carbon atom of the double bond that already has the greater number of hydrogens attached to it

25
Q

what is a carbocation

A

carbon with a positive charge - intermediate in substitution reactions

26
Q

how are carboxylic acids prepared

A

oxidising primary alcohols or aldehydes
hydrolysing nitriles
hydrolysing amides
hydroylising esters

27
Q

how are alcohols and aldehydes oxidised to form carboxylic acids

A

heated under reflux with acidified potasium dichromate solution

28
Q

how are nitriles hydrolysed to form carboxylic acids

A

heated under reflux with aqueous acid

29
Q

how are esters hydrolysed to form carboxylic acids

A

heated under reflux with an aqueous acid ror an aqueous alkali as a catalyst

30
Q

how are amides hydrolysed to form carboxylic acids

A

heated under reflux with an aqueous acid or an aqeous alkali as a catalyst

31
Q

what reactions do carboxylic acids undergo

A

react with alcohols to form esters - condensation reaction
react with amines to form alkylammonium salts, forming amides when heated
lithium aluminium hydride in ether to form primary alcohols - reduction reaction

32
Q

what reactions do amines undergo

A

they can react with mineral acids to form salts
they can react with carboxylic acids to form salts. if salts are heated and water is lost this forms amides

AH Chemistry (35 decks)

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