synthetic routes Flashcards
what are the nucleophilic substitution reactions of haloalkanes
- aqueous alkalis to form alcohols - KOH or NaOH
- alcoholic oxides to form ethers - potassium methoxide in methanol
- ethanolic potassium or sodium cyanide to form nitriles
what do haloalkanes react with to form alcohols
aqueous alkalis like KOH or NaOH
what do haloalkanes react with to form ethers
alcoholic oxides like potassium methoxide in methanol
what do haloalkanes react with to form nitriles
ethanolic potassium or sodium cyanide
what do hydrogen halides eliminate from to produce alkenes
monohaloalkanes
how are alkenes forms from monohaloalkanes
elimination reaction with hydrogen halids - heating under reflux with ethanolic potassium or sodium hydroxide in ethanol
how can alcohols be prepared
- from monohaloalkanes by heating under reflux with aqueous sodium or potassium hydroxide (nucleophilic substitution)
- from alkenes by reacting with water with sulfuric as a catalyst (acid catalysed addition)
- from aldehydes and ketones by reaction with lithium aluminium hydride dissolved in ether (reduction reaction)
how are alcohols prepared by nucleophilic substitution
monohaloalkanes heated under reflux with NaOH or KOH
how are alcohols prepared by acid catalysed addition
alkenes and water with sulfuric acid as a catalyst
how are alcohols prepared by reduction
aldehydes and ketones with lithium aluminium hydride dissolved in ether
what are the three reaction types that can form alchols
- nucleophilic substitution
- acid catalysed addition
- reduction
what are the different reactions that alchols can take part in
- displacement
- elimination
- condensation
how do alcohols take part in displacement reactions
by reacting with reactive metals
how do alcohols take part in elimination reactions
by reacting with aluminium oxide or concentrated sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid to form alkenes
how do alcohols take part in condensation reactions
by reacting with carboxylic acids or acidchlorids to form esters
how do alcohols form alkoxides
displacement reaction with reactive metals
how do alcohols form alkenes
elimination reaction with aluminim oxide, concentrated sulfuric acid or concentrated phosphoric
how do alcohols form esters
condensation reaction with carboxylic acids or acid chlorides
how can ethers be prepared
nucleophilic substitution - refluxing a haloalkane with an alkoxide
how can alkenes be prepared
dehydration of alcohols
base induced elimination of hydrogen halides from haloalkanes
how are alkenes prepared from alcohols
by dehydrating them
how are alkenes prepared from hydrogen halides from haloalkanes
base enduced elimination of the hydrogen halides
what reactions can alkenes undergo
addition with hydrogen to form alkanes
addition with halogens to form dihaloalkanes
addition with hydrogen halids to form monohaloalkanes
addition with water to form alcohols
what is markovnikovs rule
the main product of the reaction between an unsymmetrical alkene and a hydrogen halide or water is the one in which the hydrogen atom adds to the carbon atom of the double bond that already has the greater number of hydrogens attached to it
what is a carbocation
carbon with a positive charge - intermediate in substitution reactions
how are carboxylic acids prepared
oxidising primary alcohols or aldehydes
hydrolysing nitriles
hydrolysing amides
hydroylising esters
how are alcohols and aldehydes oxidised to form carboxylic acids
heated under reflux with acidified potasium dichromate solution
how are nitriles hydrolysed to form carboxylic acids
heated under reflux with aqueous acid
how are esters hydrolysed to form carboxylic acids
heated under reflux with an aqueous acid ror an aqueous alkali as a catalyst
how are amides hydrolysed to form carboxylic acids
heated under reflux with an aqueous acid or an aqeous alkali as a catalyst
what reactions do carboxylic acids undergo
react with alcohols to form esters - condensation reaction
react with amines to form alkylammonium salts, forming amides when heated
lithium aluminium hydride in ether to form primary alcohols - reduction reaction
what reactions do amines undergo
they can react with mineral acids to form salts
they can react with carboxylic acids to form salts. if salts are heated and water is lost this forms amides
