benzene Flashcards
what are the different reactions that benzene is involved in
nitration
sulfonation
chlorination
akylation
what is the molecular formula of benzene
C6H6
what is it about benzene that suggests it is unsaturated
it is deficient in hydrogens
what are the properties of the formula of benzene
it is flat and has a regular hexagonal shape. the six c-c bonds in the ring are equal in length and in strength and are intermediates between a carbon to carbon single bond and a carbon to carbon double bond
how can the bonding in benzene be explained
in terms of sp2 hybridisation, sigma bonds and a pi electorn cloud containing delocalised electrons
how is hybridisation involved in benzene
each carbon atom in a benzene molecule is sp2 hybridised and the three half filled sp2 hybrid orbitals form sigma bonds with a hydrogen atom and two neighbouring carbon atoms, which leaves an electron occupying a p orbital on each carbon atom
how is the pi electron cloud in benzene formed
each of the p orbitals on the carbon atoms overlaps side on with p orbitals on neighboring carbon atoms, and a pi electron cloud is formed.
how many sigma bonds are there in benzene
12
how can the electrons in the pi electron cloud be described as
delocalised
what does the ring in the structural formula of benzene represent
the delocalised electron in the pi electron cloud
which type of reaction mechanism does benzene undergo
electrophilic substitutions
how does benzene undergo chlorination / halogenation
by reaction of a halogen using aluminium chloride as a catalyst or ion chloride (chlorination) or using aluminium bromide or iron bromide for bromination
how does benzene undergo akylation
by reaction of haloalkane using aluminiumc chloride
how does benzene undergo nitration
using concentrated sulfuric acid and concentrated nitric acid
how does benzene undergo sulfonation
using concentration sulfuric acid
