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AH Chemistry > mindmap flashcards > Flashcards

mindmap flashcards

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1
Q

what member of the em spectrum is used in nmr spectroscopy

A

radio waves

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2
Q

what is a pharmacaphore

A

the section of medicine that creates an effect

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3
Q

what is a chromophore

A

the section of a molecule that produces a colour in the compound - found where there is a conjugated system

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4
Q

what is the hybridisation of alkanes

A

sp3

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5
Q

what is the hybridisation of alkenes

A

sp2

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6
Q

what is the hybridisation of alkynes

A

sp

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7
Q

what is the hybridisation of benzene

A

sp2

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8
Q

what do we call the two types of nucleophilic substitution

A

Sn1 and Sn2

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9
Q

which mechanism do primary haloalkanes react with

A

sn2

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10
Q

which mechanism do tertiary haloalkanes react with

A

sn1

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11
Q

which mechanism do secondary haloalkanes react with

A

sn2

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12
Q

what is the intermediate in an sn2 mechanism

A

a transition state

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13
Q

what is the intermediate in an sn1 mechanism

A

a carbocation, where the group has been removed and leaves the carbon with a positive charge

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14
Q

what is a dative covalent bond

A

a covalent bond where the shared pair of electrons both came from one species in the bond

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15
Q

what is a ligand

A

something that binds to a central ion

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16
Q

what is a homogenous catalyst

A

a catalyst that is in the same state as the reactants

17
Q

what is a heterogenous catalyst

A

a catalyst that is in a different state to the reactants

18
Q

what is meant by ligand field splitting

A

the binding of the ligand causes a shift in the energy of the d orbitals. the orbitals become no longer degenerate and electrons can be promoted into the split orbital

19
Q

why are many transition metal complexes coloured

A

absorption of energy to move electrons to the higher d orbital is in the visible range so transition metals show the colour on the opposite of the colour wheel

20
Q

explain the role of d orbitals in catalysis

A

unpaired or unfilled d orbitals can allow intermediate states to form in the catalytic pathway

21
Q

what is an indicator

A

a substance with a clear colour change caused by distinct colours on each side of an equlibirium

22
Q

outline the steps for producing a calibration curve in colourimetry

A
  • a range of samples are prepared of known concentration
  • colorimeter readings are taken with the wavelength that is most appropriate - ie has the greatest absorbance
  • dilutions to get samples are generally linear, but can be serial to give range.
23
Q

why is heating under reflux used

A

prevents volatile reactants or products escaping while heating

24
Q

why is distillation used

A

can be used to assess purity by looking at the point at which a substance is separated by distillation

25
Q

what is the purpose of recrystallisation

A

to purify an impure solid

26
Q

describe the steps involved in recrystallisation of an organic compound

A
  • dissolving an impure solid gently in a minimum volume of hot solvent
  • hot filtration of the resulting mixture to remove any insoluble impurities
  • cooling the filtrate slowly to allow crystals of the pure compound to form, leaving insoluble impurities dissolved in the solvent
  • filtering, washing and drying the pure crystals
27
Q

if the partition coefficient is high, which layer is the solute most soluble in

A

upper solvent

28
Q

describe the process of solvent extraction

A
  • the solvent used must be immiscible with the liquid mixture or solution
  • the solvent must also be one which the solute is more soluble in than the liquid mixture or solution, volatile enough to allow the solute to be obtained by evaporation of the solvent, and unreactive with the solute
  • extracting with multiple small volumes of solvent will extract a greater volume of solvent than a single extraction

AH Chemistry (35 decks)

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