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Proteins > Synthesis, Structure, and Function > Flashcards

Synthesis, Structure, and Function Flashcards

1
Q

What does a nucleic acid consist of?

A

Phosphate group
Five Carbon sugars (2’-deoxyribose/ribose)
Purine or Pyrimidine base

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2
Q

What determines the function of a Nucleic Acid?

A

It’s structure

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3
Q

What is the foundation for Nucleic Acids?

A

Purines and Pyrimidines
Nitrogenous bases

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4
Q

Describe a Purine

A

Two Carbon-Nitrogen rings

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5
Q

Describe a Pyrimidine

A

One Carbon-Nitrogen ring

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6
Q

Adenine and Guanine are grouped into…

A

Purines

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7
Q

Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil are grouped into…

A

Pyrimidines

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8
Q

What is the difference between a Nucleic Acid and a Nucleoside?

A

Nucleoside adds a sugar (Deoxyribose/Ribose) to Purine or Pyrimidine

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9
Q

What do we call a Nucleoside formed with Ribose to Adenine; What is Deoxyribose to Guanine?

A

Adenosine
Deoxyguanosine

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10
Q

What do we call a Ribose attached to Uracil?

A

Cytidine

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11
Q

What do we call a Deoxyribose attached to Thymine?

A

Thymidine

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12
Q

What does not require a prefix and why?

A

Thymidine
It is only found in DNA

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13
Q

What will NEVER be combined with Deoxyribose?

A

Uracil

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14
Q

How is a Nucleotide formed?

A

Adding a Phosphate group to a Nucleoside

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15
Q

What are the base pairs found in DNA?

A

Adenine to Thymine (A–T)
Cytosine to Guanine (C–G)

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16
Q

What is the flow of genetic information in DNA?

A

DNA to RNA to Protein

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17
Q

The Transcription process is a result of what?

A

Synthesis of mRNA

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18
Q

What allows Transcription?

A

Enzyme RNA Polymerase
Three stages

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19
Q

List the three steps involved in Transcription

A

Initiation, Chain Elongation, Termination

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20
Q

Translation is also called…

A

The process of Protein Synthesis

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21
Q

What is responsible for Genetic Code?

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

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22
Q

What is responsible for building proteins and binding Amino Acids together?

A

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

23
Q

What is responsible for ensuring the correct Amino Acid sequence and allowing an Anticodon to read a Codon?

A

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

24
Q

What are the building blocks of proteins and how are they built?

A

Amino Acids
One Amino
One Carboxylic Acid
Side Chain (R group)

25
Q

How many Natural Amino Acids are there?

A

20

26
Q

How do Amino Acids differ from each other?

A

Composition of the R group (side chains)

27
Q

What are Essential Amino Acids?

A

Cannot be synthesized quickly enough and come from the diet
About half

28
Q

What are Non-Essential Amino Acids?

A

Those that our body needs but is able to be produced

29
Q

Dietary Intake is the primary source for what?

A

Amino Acids

30
Q

How are Amino Acids linked together?

A

Covalent Peptide Bonds

31
Q

Explain the process of an Amide bond being created

A

Amino group from one Amino Acid bonds to the Carboxyl group of another Amino Acid
Forms Peptide bond

32
Q

What is the Primary Structure for a protein?

A

Specific sequence of Amino Acid
Defined by the DNA or RNA with cell

33
Q

What forms the Secondary Structure for proteins?

A

Primary Structures being flexible enough to bend and form patterns while in a solution

34
Q

What is the criteria for something to be called a Protein?

A

40 or more Amino Acids
Linked together by Peptide bonds

35
Q

What is the purpose of the Secondary Structure and it’s possible patterns?

A

Adds strength and flexibility
Hydrogen bonds between Carbonyl and Amine groups
A-Helix, B-Pleated, Random Coil

36
Q

What is a Tertiary Structure?

A

A unique fold granting specific properties allowing for function

37
Q

What is a Quaternary Structure?

A

Main protein folded organized as Aggregates
Identical or different Polypeptide Chains

38
Q

List the Examples of Quaternary Structures

A

Lactate Dehydrogenase
Hemoglobin
Creatine Kinase

39
Q

What is Denaturation and what does it effect?

A

Unfolding of the protein structure
Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary

40
Q

What are the causes of Denaturation?

A

Increased Temperature
Mechanical Stress
pH Variation
Organic Solvents
Detergents
Intelligent Minds Play Osu Daily

41
Q

What is Irreversible and results in loss of protein structure and function?

A

Denaturation

42
Q

What are the functions of Proteins?

A

Enzymatic
Structural
Hormonal
Defensive
Storage
Transport
Receptor
Contractile
Energy Source
Osmotic Forces
Every Season Has Definitely Shown That Race Cars Eat Oil

43
Q

Describe Enzymatic Proteins

A

Catalysts reducing the amount of time and energy to complete reactions

44
Q

Describe Structural Proteins

A

Provide Mechanical Support
Ex. Keratin

45
Q

Describe Hormonal Proteins

A

Chemical messengers to transmit signals
Ex. Insulin, Glucagon, Oxytocin

46
Q

Describe Defensive Proteins

A

Destroy and remove harmful material
Ex. Antibodies

47
Q

Describe Storage Proteins

A

Source of supplies for the body
Ex. Ferritin

48
Q

Describe Transport Proteins

A

Carry materials from one place to another
Ex. Transferrin, Hemoglobin, Transcuprein

49
Q

Describe Receptor Proteins

A

Control substances entering and leaving the cells

50
Q

Describe Contractile Proteins

A

Necessary for all forms of movement
Ex. Actin, Myosin

51
Q

Describe Energy Source (Protein Function)

A

Proteins serve as a reserve source of energy

52
Q

Describe Regulation of pH (Protein Function)

A

Serve as buffer to regulate pH
Ex. Albumin

53
Q

Describe Osmotic Force (Protein Function)

A

Regulate distribution of water throughput the body
Ex. Albumin

54
Q

What can lead to increased levels of Interstitial Fluid and Edema?

A

A reduced level of Plasma Proteins

Proteins (7 decks)

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