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Proteins > Disease Manifestation > Flashcards

Disease Manifestation Flashcards

1
Q

What is one type of Transport Protein?

A

Transthyretin (TTR) or Prealbumin

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2
Q

What is important about TTR?

A

Non-Glycosylated
55 kDa
transports 10% of hormones
Contains hormones T3 and T4

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3
Q

Where is Transthyretin produced?

A

Liver
Also made in the Central Nervous System

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4
Q

What is bound to Transthyretin with a size of 21 kDa?

A

Retinol Binding Protein (RBP)
Half life of 12 hours; Longer if renal failure

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5
Q

Vitamin A was transported from the kidneys to the liver. What transported it there?

A

Retinol Binding Protein

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6
Q

What levels are increased in Renal Disease?

A

RBP levels

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7
Q

Where do we normally see decreased levels of RBP?

A

Liver disease and Protein Malnutrition

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8
Q

A patient has a low concentration of both RBP and Vitamin A. What is this known as?

A

Zinc Deficiency

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9
Q

When does TTR tend to see a decrease?

A

In inflammation and malignancy

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10
Q

What is the most abundant Plasma Protein?

A

Albumin
Accounts for half of the overall Plasma Protein mass

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11
Q

How is Albumin produced, and where do we find it?

A

Made by the Liver
60% is found in the Extravascular Space
Synthesis is controlled by Colloidal Osmotic Pressure (COP)

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12
Q

What are the functions of Albumin?

A

Primary: Major contributor to COP
Secondary: pH buffer and transports compounds

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13
Q

What does the Colloidal Osmotic Pressure help do?

A

Retain fluid and Maintain Vascular Volume

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14
Q

What are the compounds that Albumin transports?

A

Free fatty acids
Bilirubin
Metallic Ions
Hormones
Drugs
Fire Burns Making Hot Death

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15
Q

What can cause an increased level of Albumin?

A

Hydration problems
Prolonged tourniquet use

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16
Q

What can result due to Hypoalbuminemia?

A

Analbuminemia
Inflammation
Hepatic Disease
Urinary Loss
Gastrointestinal Loss
Burn Injury
Edema and Ascites
Anytime I Hold U Gas Burns Extra

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17
Q

What can Edema and Ascites be used for?

A

An indicator of Albumin levels being out of proportion

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18
Q

What is the most abundant Plasma Protein in early embryonic life?

A

A-Fetoprotein (AFP)

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19
Q

What is the function of A-Fetoprotein (AFP) and where is it produced?

A

Transports the hormone Estradiol
Made by Fetal Yolk Sack and Liver

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20
Q

A patient has elevated levels of AFP. What can we expect to see in the patient?

A

Abdominal wall defects
General fetal distress
Neural Tube Defects (Spina Bifida/Anencephaly)

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21
Q

What do we expect to see with a mother that is pregnant with twins?

A

Higher levels of A-Fetoprotein (AFP)

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22
Q

What is a member of the Lipocalin family and binds to Lipophilic Substances?

A

A1 Acid Glycoprotein (AAG)

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23
Q

What is the role of A1 Acid Glycoprotein (AAG) and where is it produced?

A

Made in Liver
Binds to Lipophilic hormones and many basic drugs
Reduces bioavailability of drugs

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24
Q

What do we expect to see in a patient that has high levels of A1 Acid Glycoprotein (AAG)?

A

Increase in GI Inflammatory Disease and Malignant Neoplasms

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25
Q

What is responsible for inactivating Serine Proteases?

A

A1 Antitrypsin (AAT)
Highest concentration of all Protease inhibitors

26
Q

Where is A1 Antitrypsin (AAT) made and what is it’s function?

A

Made in the Liver
Inhibits Leukocyte Elastase

27
Q

Where do we see increases AND decreases in patients of AAT?

A

High level of Estrogen (Pregnancy)
Respiratory distress or Pancreatitis

28
Q

What binds to free Hemoglobin?

A

Haptoglobin (Hp)

29
Q

Where is Haptoglobin (Hp) made and what is it’s purpose?

A

Made in the Liver
Binding to Hb prevents Renal clearance of Hb and loss of iron
Protects Nitric Oxide in the blood

30
Q

Hormones, Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory drugs, and Inflammatory diseases are all causes of what?

A

Increased Haptoglobin

31
Q

What is the major Plasma Proteinase Inhibitor?

A

A2 Macroglobulin (AMG)

32
Q

Where is A2 Macroglobulin (AMG) made and what is it’s role?

A

Made in the Liver
Inhibits Enzymes (Serin, Cysteine, and Metal Ions)
Activated by Proteolytic Cleavage then binds to Proteases

33
Q

Why is A2 Macroglobulin (AMG) not used as an APR for humans?

A

It stays fairly constant during an Acute Phase Reaction (APR)

34
Q

Where do we tend to see an increase in AMG?

A

Nephrotic Syndrome
Diabetes
Increased Estrogen

35
Q

What makes up 95% of the total Serum Copper?

A

Ceruloplasmin (Cp)
Blueish tint

36
Q

Where is Ceruloplasmin made and what are it’s primary functions?

A

Made by Liver
Serves as a catalyst for Redox Reactions
Folding of Polypeptide chain

37
Q

What is the cause of Iron accumulating in the blood?

A

Decreased amounts of Ceruloplasmin (Cp)

38
Q

Where do we see an increased level of Cp in patients?

A

Sever infection, Inflammation, Tissue damage, and Pregnancy

39
Q

What is Wilson Disease?

A

Increased copper levels deposited into the Liver, Brain, and Periphery of the Iris

40
Q

What is Transferrin (TRF)?

A

Made by Liver
Found in B region of Serum on Electrophoresis strip

41
Q

What is the function of Transferrin (TRF)

A

Transport protein for Iron
Makes up most of the Total Iron Binding Capacity
If Iron is not oxidized it cannot be bound

42
Q

How much Transferrin bonds to Iron and what percentage?

A

One Transferrin to two Iron
20% - 50%

43
Q

Where do we find surface receptors for Transferrin?

A

In EVERY cell

44
Q

How can we utilize the concentrations of Transferrin (TRF)?

A

Diagnosis of Anemia and monitoring treatment

45
Q

What do we find on the surface of Nucleated Cells?

A

B2 Microglobulin (BMG)
High number of Lymphocytes
Tumor marker

46
Q

What is indicative of Impaired renal Clearance?

A

Elevated levels of B2 Microglbulin (BMG)

47
Q

Why is BMG important for patients with HIV?

A

Monitoring can help indicate a large Lymphocyte Turnover

48
Q

What is critical to the Coagulation System and is the largest Plasma Protein?

A

Fibrinogen
Assists in clot formation

49
Q

How is Fibrinogen measured?

A

Functional Assays that evaluate clotting

50
Q

What is the fastest and strongest Acute Phase Protein?

A

C Reactive Protein (CRP)
Levels rise with 6-12 hours

51
Q

Where is C Reactive Protein made and what is it’s purpose?

A

Made in the Liver
Protects the body against infectious organisms

52
Q

What happens when CRP is bound to bacteria and fungi?

A

Promotes the binding of Complement
Taken up by Phagocytes
Opsonization

53
Q

When do we see increased levels of C Reactive Protein (CRP)?

A

Acute infection or Inflammation
>1 mg/dL
Normally very low

54
Q

What is associated with Coronary Heart Disease and an increased risk of developing Type 2 Diabetes?

A

C Reactive Protein (CRP)

55
Q

Rheumatoid Arthritis, Crohn’s Disease, and Systemic Lupus Erythematous are all what?

A

Assessed for Effectiveness of treatment by measuring CRP levels

56
Q

When do we see CRP elevated?

A

Acute Rheumatic Fever
Bacterial and Viral infections
Myocardial Infarctions
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Gout
Cancer Spread
Aye Bro My Racks Got Cut

57
Q

What is The Complement?

A

A complex system of at least 20 proteins
Part of the Immune System

58
Q

Where is Complement produced and what is it’s purpose?

A

Made by the Liver and Monocytes
Classical Pathway
Alternative Pathway

59
Q

How is the Classic Pathway activated?

A

Activated by Immunoglobulin and CRP

60
Q

How is the Alternative Pathway activated?

A

Activated by Bacterial Lipopolysaccharides and Cobra Venom

Proteins (7 decks)

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