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Year 12 and 13 chemistry > Synthesis routes reagents and conditions > Flashcards

Synthesis routes reagents and conditions Flashcards

Flashcards to help memorize reaction conditions and reagents

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1
Q

Why is H₂SO₄ used as a catalyst in some reactions?

A

H₂SO₄ is used as a catalyst as it is a dehydrating agent.
It also supplies two protons.

(Removes water so is useful for shifting equilibriums containing water)

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2
Q

What reagents and conditions are required for oxidation?

A

Acidified K₂Cr₂O₇ and heat (reflux or distill)

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3
Q

What reagents are required for reduction of Aldehydes/Ketones and Carboxylic acids?

A

NaBH₄ and Methanol.

(Too weak for esters or other COOH derivatives, use LiAlH₄ and ether)

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4
Q

What reagents and conditions are required for the halogenation of alkanes?

A

X₂ and UV light

(Works via free radical substitution, UV breaks X-X bond homolytically)

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5
Q

What catalyst and reagent is required for hydrogenation?

A

Ni catalyst, H₂ gas.

(Alkenes to Alkanes and Nitriles to Amines)

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6
Q

What reagents and conditions are required for the production of a nitrile from a halogenoalkane?

A

KCN, Ethanol, Reflux

(This is a nucleophilic substitution reaction)

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7
Q

What reagents and conditions are required for the production of a Hydroxy Nitrile from an Aldehyde/Ketone?

A

KCN, c.H₂SO₄, 20°C, reflux

(Similar to RX to RCN but with c.H₂SO₄ instead of ethanol and at 20°C)

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8
Q

What reagent replaces ethanol in the production of a hydroxy nitrile from an aldehyde?

(For RX to RCN: KCN, Ethanol, Reflux)

A

Concentrated H₂SO₄

(Full conditions: KCN, c.H₂SO₄, 20°C, reflux)

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9
Q

What reagents and conditions are required for the production of a Alkene from a Halogenoalkane?

A

NaOH, Ethanol, Reflux

(Ethanolic OH⁻ ions favour elimination)

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10
Q

What reagents and conditions are required for the production of an Alcohol from a Halogenoalkane?

A

Warm NaOH in H₂O, Reflux

(Aqueous OH⁻ ions favour Nucleophilic Substitution)

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11
Q

What reagents are required for the production of a Halogenoalkane from an Alkene?

A

HX or X₂

(By electrophilic additon - no UV required. X₂ forms a Dihalogenoalkane)

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12
Q

What reagents and conditions are required for the production of an Amine from a Halogenoalkane?

A

Excess Ammonia in ethanol. Heat + Pressure

(Via nucleophilic substitution. Excess needed to remove H from amine)

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13
Q

What reagents and conditions are required for the production of an Alcohol from an Alkene?

A

Water in concentrated H₂SO₄ at room temp.

(Works via electrophilic addition)

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14
Q

What reagents and conditions are required for the production of an Alkene from an Alcohol?

A

H₂O, H₂SO₄, Reflux

(This is a dehydration reaction - water is removed from the molecule)

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15
Q

What reaction path(s) require:
Acidified K₂Cr₂O₇ and heat (reflux or distill)

A

Oxidation
Alcohol to Aldehyde/Ketone or Carboxylic acid
Aldehyde to Carboxylic acid

(Reflux always produces Ketone or Carboxylic acid)

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16
Q

What reaction path(s) require:
NaBH₄ and methanol.

A

Reduction

(Carboxylic acid/Aldehyde/Ketone to Alcohol)

17
Q

What reaction path(s) require:
X₂ and UV light

(X is a halogen)

A

Halogenation of alkanes

18
Q

What reaction path(s) require:
Ni catalyst, H₂ gas.

A

Hydrogenation

(Alkenes to Alkanes and Nitriles to Amines)

19
Q

What reaction path(s) require:
KCN, Ethanol, Reflux

A

Production of a Nitrile from a Halogenoalkane

20
Q

What reaction path(s) require:
KCN, c.H₂SO₄, 20°C, reflux

A

Production of a Hydroxy Nitrile from an Aldehyde/Ketone

(Similar to RX to RCN but with c.H₂SO₄ instead of ethanol and at 20°C)

21
Q

What reaction path(s) require:
Warm NaOH in H₂O, Reflux

A

Halogenoalkane to Alcohol

(Aqueous OH⁻ ions favour Nucleophilic Substitution)

22
Q

What reaction path(s) require:
NaOH, Ethanol, Reflux

A

Halogenoalkane to Alkene

(Ethanolic OH⁻ ions favour elimination)

23
Q

What reaction path(s) require:
HX or X₂

(Without UV - questions may word this as out of sunlight / in darkness)

A

Alkene to Halogenoalkane

(Works by electrophilic addition)

24
Q

What reaction path(s) require:
Excess Ammonia in ethanol. Heat + Pressure

A

Production of an Amine from a Halogenoalkane

(Via nucleophilic substitution. Excess needed to remove H from amine)

25
Q

What reaction path(s) require:
Water in concentrated H₂SO₄ at room temp

A

Production of an Alcohol from an Alkene

(Works via electrophilic addition)

26
Q

What reaction path(s) require:
H₂O, H₂SO₄, Reflux

A

Production of an Alkene from an Alcohol.

(This is a dehydration reaction - water is removed from the molecule)

Year 12 and 13 chemistry (10 decks)

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