Syntax Flashcards

1
Q

grammar

A

accounts for the actual use of a language not its prescriptivism.

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2
Q

Clause

A

kernel sentence with finite vern ex. she walks, he goes to the store

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3
Q

infinitive/small clause

A

basic verb without finite information ex. To go to the store.

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4
Q

Syntax

A

structure of a sentence, core of a language’s grammar.

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5
Q

Grammar

A

complete system of phonological, morphological, syntactic, and semantic information and rules that the speaker of a given language possess.

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6
Q

structure

A

organized combination of mutually connected and dependent parts or elements.

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7
Q

pronominalization

A

substitution of a constituent by a pronoun

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8
Q

prophase/ proforms

A

replacing an entire phrase with a pronoun

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9
Q

movement

A

movement of strings of word to other sentential positions.

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10
Q

WH pronouns

A

the pronouns who, whose, which and what can be the subject or object of a verb.

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11
Q

coordination test

A

Only constituents can coordinated by the coordinating conjunction “and”

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12
Q

AND

A

contains a property that of combining only constituents of the same kind. Ex. Black and White

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13
Q

DO SO

A

a non engendered pronominal that can replace the act in which a subject is doing. Ex. People will go to the station. ( People will (do so)

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14
Q

Gapping

A

A construction in which part of a sentence is omitted rather than repeated. Ex. Some ate beans, and others ate rice. ==> Some ate beans, and others rice.

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15
Q

Structural Ambiguity

A

cases in which different interpretation arise through different sentence structures assigned to the same string of words.

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16
Q

Head

A

The most important element in a phrase that defines the type of phrase that it is.

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17
Q

Noun phrase NP

A

a phrase that is headed by a noun. ( A gold ring) - ring

18
Q

Prepositional Phrase PP

A

A phrase that is headed by a preposition (we drove to the grocery store) (to the grocery store)

19
Q

Verb Phrase

A

A phrase that is headed by a verb. I will have been studying linguistics for 3 hours (VP) Will have been studying.

20
Q

adverb phrase

A

A phrase that is headed by an adverb. Jack bought flowers for his mother.

21
Q

animate noun

A

person animal creature

22
Q

word class

A

words classified as nouns, adjectives, verbs and prepositions

23
Q

Criteria of word class

A

semantic, morphological and syntactic

24
Q

phrase structure rules

A

rules that build syntactic structure

25
sentence
the largest syntactic unit made up of one or more clauses
26
Simple sentence
1 clause
27
complex sentence
contains at least 1 subordinate clause
28
superordinate clause
also known as a matrix clause, a clause that comes first in a complex sentence.
29
adverbial constituents
constituents that give the circumstances of the event denoted by the rest of the sentences i.e.( time, place, manner reason)
30
subject verb agreement
syntactic process which requires subject and verb to share the same person and number feature.
31
case forms
Because there is a distinction between subject and object, depending on the function of a phrase in a sentence the phrase will exhibit a certain form.
32
neuter pronouns
a pronoun that doesn't have a gender specific identity.
33
transitive verbs
verbs that need an object
34
intransitive verbs
verbs that CANNOT take an object
35
covert objects
objects in a transitive verb sentence that are understood or assumed. (They kissed and departed)
36
passivization
sentences in an active voice can be passivized by making the object of the active sentence the subject of the passive sentence ex She wrote [the novel]object at the end of the 19th century.[The novel]subject was written at the end of the 19th century.
37
Ditransitive Verb
verbs that can take two objects
38
Direct object
In a ditransitive sentence the object that denotes an entity that undergoes the action or process denoted by the verb
39
Indirect object
the object that denotes the goal the recipient or beneficiary of the event denoted by the verb.
40
Adverbial
constituents that provide info about the circumstances of the action denoted by the verb and its subjects and objects. They can be modifiers of the clause or verb phrase, but not obligatory.
41
Complements
Semantically and structurally highly dependent sister constituents of heads [proud [of her achievements]PP]AP