Semantics Flashcards
Speaker reference
what the speaker is referring to using some linguistics expression speaker & context pragmatics.
Linguistic reference
the systematic denotation of some linguistics expression as a part of a language domain of semantics.
referent of expression
the entity identified by the use of referring expression such as a noun or noun phrase
Extension
refers to the set of all potential referents for a referring expression
prototype
a typical member of the extension of a referring expression
Atypical
an object of a prototype that would most likely not be used when talking about a prototype.
stereotype
a list of characteristics describing prototypes.
coreference
two linguistics expressions that refer to the same real-world entity.
Anaphora
a linguistics expression that refers to another linguistics expression.
Deixis
an expression has one meaning but can refer to different entities depending on the speaker and his or her spatial and temporal orientation.
Semantic meaning
depends on grammatical structure of sentence
principle of compositonality
the semantic meaning of any unit of language is determined by the semantic meaning of its parts along with the way they are put together.
compositional semantics
aka Formal semantics concerned with how the principle of compositionality and consequently formal semanticists study the variety of grammatical patterns will occur in individual languages.
denotative meaning
the logical meaning which indicates the essential qualities of a concept which distinguish it from other concepts.
Social Meaning
meaning that a word possesses by virtue of its use in particular social situations and circumstances
Thematic meaning
meaning in the manner in which a message is organized for emphasis.
signifier
according plato a word in a language.
signified
the object in the world that the signifier stands for or refers to.
conceptual theory of meaning
words and things are related through the meditation of concepts of the mind.
behavioristic theory of meaning
description of language not complete without some reference to the context of the situation in which language is operated.
Agent
in semantic roles the entity that performs the action
Theme
In semantic roles the entity that is involved in or affected by the action
Instrument
an agent uses another entity performing an action.
synonymy
2 or more forms with very closely related meanings often not always intersubstitutable
Antonymy
2 forms with opposite meanings
Gradable Antonyms
used in cooperative construction
Nongradable antonyms
complementary pairs not used in comparative construction. The negative of one member does not necessarily mean the opposite.
Hyponymy
the meaning of one form included in the meaning of another
cohyponyms
two words that share the same superordinate
homophony
two or more forms different in writing same in pronunciation SEA SEE homo same phony phonology sound
homography
same writing different pronunciations
homonymy
one form has two or more correlated meanings same pronunciation and writing
polysemy
one form having multiple meaning which are all related by extension.
collocation
words which tend to occur with other words
analytic sentence
necessarily true by virtue of words linguistics truths by virtue of language itself
contradictory sentences
necessarily false by virtue of words linguistic of falsities
synthetic sentences
true or false depending on how the word is. The truths or falsities must be verified. Empirical truth or falsities
