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SF1 1 > Synaptic Transmission > Flashcards

Synaptic Transmission Flashcards

1
Q

Ways chemical synapses differ from electrical synapses (3)

A

1) no gap junctions
2) synaptic cleft is wider
3) use of vesicles

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2
Q

Site of transmitter release on a pre-synaptic axon

A

active zone

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3
Q

Enzyme responsible for breaking down ACh in cholinergic synapses (found in extracellular matrix)

A

AChE enzyme

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4
Q

The driving force of Ca2+ will be inward at any potential between what two equilibrium potentials

A

E(K) and E(Na)

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5
Q

What is another name for v-SNARE protein (vesicle)

A

synaptobrevin

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6
Q

The two t-SNARE (target) proteins

A

SNAP-25 and syntaxin

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7
Q

Neurotransmitter release is dependent on what

A

Ca2+

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8
Q

What does Ca2+ bind to which mediates neurotransmitter release?

A

synaptotagmin

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9
Q

Does the v-SNARE and synaptotagmin associate with the membrane before or after the action potential

A

before

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10
Q

Reserve vesicles are tehtered to the cytoskeleton by dephosphorylated _____

A

synapsin

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11
Q

Dephosphorylates synapsin has a high affinity for this protein

A

actin

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12
Q

How are reserve vesicles stimulated/mobilized?

A

A rise in free Ca2+ stimulates the phosphorylation of synapsin, which now has a low affinity for actin.

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13
Q

Kinase responsible for phosphorylation of synapsin

A

Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMK)

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14
Q

Where is calcium primarily sequestered in the axon terminal?

A

the mitochondria

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15
Q

Two modes of transmitter action termination

A

1) diffusion and enzymatic degradation

2) diffusion and reuptake

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16
Q

Enzyme responsible for degrading acetylcholine

A

acetylcholinesterase

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17
Q

What is glutamate exported from post-synaptic neurons and reuptaken as?

A

glutamine

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18
Q

Key proteins in vesicle recycling (2)

A

dynamin and clathrin

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19
Q

What does dynamin need to function?

A

GTP

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20
Q

Dynamin’s function in vesicular retrieval

A

Uses GTP to pinch off membrane tube

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21
Q

Where are small molecule neurotransmitters synthesized and packaged?

A

in the axon terminal

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22
Q

Where are large molecule neurotransmitters synthesized and packaged?

A

soma. the completely filled vesicle is then transported to the axon terminal

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23
Q

Found in the axon terminal, this enzyme converts choline and acetyl CoA to Acetylcholine

A

choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)

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24
Q

Found in the synaptic junction, this enzyme breaks down acetylcholine in choline and acetyl CoA

A

acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

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25
Group of small molecule neurotransmitters derived from tyrosine
catecholamines
26
List of catecholamines (3)
1) dopamine (DA) 2) norepinephrine (NE) 3) epinephrine (E)
27
Group of small molecule neurotransmitters derived from tryptophan
Indoleamine
28
The only indoleamine we learned
serotonin (5-HT)
29
Group of small molecule neurotransmitters derived from histidine
Imidazoline
30
The only imidazoline we learned
histamine (HA)
31
Enzyme responsible for conversion of histidine to histamine
histidine decarboxylase
32
Location of serotonin production in the brain
raphe nuclei
33
Location of histamine production in the brain
tuberomammillary nucleus of hypothalamus
34
Location of norepinephrine production in the brain
locus coeruleus
35
Locations of dopamine production in the brain
substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area
36
Enzyme responsible for conversion of glutamate to GABA
Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)
37
Principle inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord
Glycine
38
Principle excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system
Glutamate
39
Principle inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain
GABA
40
Why is adenosine not technically a neurotransmitter?
It's not loaded into vesicles
41
Adenosine's function in the synaptic junction
extracellular signaling molecule
42
How is adenosine formed in the synaptic junction?
Formed by extracellular enzyme ecto-nucleotidases from released ATP
43
Function of adenosine as a signaling molecule
sleep signal promoting drowsiness (caffeine blocks receptor!)
44
Membrane soluble gas, synthesized directly in response to Ca2+
nitric oxide
45
Where does nitric oxide bind in postsynaptic cells and what does it activate?
Binds to intracellular receptors, activating cytosolic guanylyl cyclase
46
Simultaneous release of 2 neurotransmitters by a neuron, typically one small molecule and one peptide
Co-expression
47
Directly activated neurotransmitter receptor, where ligand binding opens a channel
ionotropic receptor
48
Indirectly activated neurotransmitter receptor, where ligand binding leads to intracellular messaging and second transmembrane protein becoming active
metabotropic receptor
49
Type of acetylcholine receptor which directly opens Na+/K+ channels
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (ionotropic)
50
Acetylcholine receptor type/subtypes which stimulate phospholipase c (PLC) and close K+ channels
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (Subtypes: M1, M3, M5) [Metabotropic]
51
Acetylcholine receptor type/subtypes which inhibit adenylyl cyclase, open K+ channels, and inhibit Ca2+ channel opening
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (Subtypes: M2, M4) [Metabotropic]
52
Serotonin receptor type which directly opens Na+/K+ channels
5-HT3 (ionotropic)
53
Glutamate receptor types which directly open Na+/K+ (Na+/K+/Ca2+) channels
Kainate (KA), AMPA, and NMDA receptors (ionotropic)
54
GABA receptor type which directly opens Cl- channels
GABA(A) (ionotropic)
55
GABA receptor type which indirectly opens K+ channels and inhibits Ca2+ channel opening
GABA(B) (metabotropic)
56
Glycine receptor type which directly opens Cl- channels
GlyR (ionotropic)
57
Function of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
directly open Na+/K+ channels
58
Function of M1, M3, M5 subtype muscarinic acetylcholine receptors
stimulate phospholipase C and close K+ channels
59
Function of M2, M4 subtype muscarinic acetylcholine receptors
inhibit adenylyl cyclase, open K+ channels, and inhibit Ca2+ channel opening
60
Function of 5-HT3 serotonin receptors
directly open Na+/K+ channels
61
Function of Kainate, AMPA, NMDA receptors
directly open Na+/K+ (Na+/K+/Ca2+) channels
62
Function of GABA(A) receptors
directly opens Cl- channels
63
Function of GABA(B) receptors
indirectly opens K+ channels and inhibits Ca2+ channel opening
64
Function of GlyR receptors
directly opens Cl- channels
65
Change in postsynaptic ion permeability caused by released neurotransmitter
postsynaptic potential
66
postsynaptic response which increases the probability that postsynaptic neuron will fire an action potential
Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP)
67
postsynaptic response which decreases the probability that postsynaptic neuron will fire an action potential
Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP)
68
What determines the effectiveness of spatial summation of action potentials?
length constant (easier to sum if the length constant is "more forgiving")
69
Temporal summation is more possible with a long or short time constant?
Long time constant since they're more drawn out
70
Stellate neurons are relay cells with small surface area and often act as interneurons. What is there time constant like?
short time constant helps maintain timing information
71
Pyramidal neurons are integrating neurons which integrate information over time. What is there time constant like?
Long time constant helps with temporal summation
72
What is an axo-axonic synapse?
Where an axon terminal receives input from another axon
73
Most axo-axonic synapses are...
inhibitory
74
How does presynaptic inhibition usually work?
Activating of K+ channels inhibits voltage gated Ca2+ channels from opening (which in turn prevents vesicle exocytosis)
75
Presynaptic receptors activated by same transmitter released at the terminal
autoreceptor
76
Neurotransmitters affecting multiple postsynaptic cells
volume transmission
77
Three mechanisms of volume transmission
1) diffusion out of synaptic cleft (spillover) 2) release into non-synaptic extracellular space (diffuse release) 3) neurotransmitter diffuses through cell membranes
78
How does neuromodulation work without changing ion conductance?
Stimulates or inhibits second messenger pathways in postsynaptic cells

SF1 1 (8 decks)

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