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SF1 1 > Synaptic Transmission > Flashcards

Synaptic Transmission Flashcards

1
Q

Ways chemical synapses differ from electrical synapses (3)

A

1) no gap junctions
2) synaptic cleft is wider
3) use of vesicles

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2
Q

Site of transmitter release on a pre-synaptic axon

A

active zone

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3
Q

Enzyme responsible for breaking down ACh in cholinergic synapses (found in extracellular matrix)

A

AChE enzyme

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4
Q

The driving force of Ca2+ will be inward at any potential between what two equilibrium potentials

A

E(K) and E(Na)

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5
Q

What is another name for v-SNARE protein (vesicle)

A

synaptobrevin

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6
Q

The two t-SNARE (target) proteins

A

SNAP-25 and syntaxin

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7
Q

Neurotransmitter release is dependent on what

A

Ca2+

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8
Q

What does Ca2+ bind to which mediates neurotransmitter release?

A

synaptotagmin

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9
Q

Does the v-SNARE and synaptotagmin associate with the membrane before or after the action potential

A

before

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10
Q

Reserve vesicles are tehtered to the cytoskeleton by dephosphorylated _____

A

synapsin

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11
Q

Dephosphorylates synapsin has a high affinity for this protein

A

actin

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12
Q

How are reserve vesicles stimulated/mobilized?

A

A rise in free Ca2+ stimulates the phosphorylation of synapsin, which now has a low affinity for actin.

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13
Q

Kinase responsible for phosphorylation of synapsin

A

Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMK)

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14
Q

Where is calcium primarily sequestered in the axon terminal?

A

the mitochondria

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15
Q

Two modes of transmitter action termination

A

1) diffusion and enzymatic degradation

2) diffusion and reuptake

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16
Q

Enzyme responsible for degrading acetylcholine

A

acetylcholinesterase

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17
Q

What is glutamate exported from post-synaptic neurons and reuptaken as?

A

glutamine

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18
Q

Key proteins in vesicle recycling (2)

A

dynamin and clathrin

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19
Q

What does dynamin need to function?

A

GTP

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20
Q

Dynamin’s function in vesicular retrieval

A

Uses GTP to pinch off membrane tube

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21
Q

Where are small molecule neurotransmitters synthesized and packaged?

A

in the axon terminal

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22
Q

Where are large molecule neurotransmitters synthesized and packaged?

A

soma. the completely filled vesicle is then transported to the axon terminal

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23
Q

Found in the axon terminal, this enzyme converts choline and acetyl CoA to Acetylcholine

A

choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)

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24
Q

Found in the synaptic junction, this enzyme breaks down acetylcholine in choline and acetyl CoA

A

acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

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25
Q

Group of small molecule neurotransmitters derived from tyrosine

A

catecholamines

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26
Q

List of catecholamines (3)

A

1) dopamine (DA)
2) norepinephrine (NE)
3) epinephrine (E)

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27
Q

Group of small molecule neurotransmitters derived from tryptophan

A

Indoleamine

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28
Q

The only indoleamine we learned

A

serotonin (5-HT)

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29
Q

Group of small molecule neurotransmitters derived from histidine

A

Imidazoline

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30
Q

The only imidazoline we learned

A

histamine (HA)

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31
Q

Enzyme responsible for conversion of histidine to histamine

A

histidine decarboxylase

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32
Q

Location of serotonin production in the brain

A

raphe nuclei

33
Q

Location of histamine production in the brain

A

tuberomammillary nucleus of hypothalamus

34
Q

Location of norepinephrine production in the brain

A

locus coeruleus

35
Q

Locations of dopamine production in the brain

A

substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area

36
Q

Enzyme responsible for conversion of glutamate to GABA

A

Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)

37
Q

Principle inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord

A

Glycine

38
Q

Principle excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system

A

Glutamate

39
Q

Principle inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain

A

GABA

40
Q

Why is adenosine not technically a neurotransmitter?

A

It’s not loaded into vesicles

41
Q

Adenosine’s function in the synaptic junction

A

extracellular signaling molecule

42
Q

How is adenosine formed in the synaptic junction?

A

Formed by extracellular enzyme ecto-nucleotidases from released ATP

43
Q

Function of adenosine as a signaling molecule

A

sleep signal promoting drowsiness (caffeine blocks receptor!)

44
Q

Membrane soluble gas, synthesized directly in response to Ca2+

A

nitric oxide

45
Q

Where does nitric oxide bind in postsynaptic cells and what does it activate?

A

Binds to intracellular receptors, activating cytosolic guanylyl cyclase

46
Q

Simultaneous release of 2 neurotransmitters by a neuron, typically one small molecule and one peptide

A

Co-expression

47
Q

Directly activated neurotransmitter receptor, where ligand binding opens a channel

A

ionotropic receptor

48
Q

Indirectly activated neurotransmitter receptor, where ligand binding leads to intracellular messaging and second transmembrane protein becoming active

A

metabotropic receptor

49
Q

Type of acetylcholine receptor which directly opens Na+/K+ channels

A

nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (ionotropic)

50
Q

Acetylcholine receptor type/subtypes which stimulate phospholipase c (PLC) and close K+ channels

A

Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (Subtypes: M1, M3, M5) [Metabotropic]

51
Q

Acetylcholine receptor type/subtypes which inhibit adenylyl cyclase, open K+ channels, and inhibit Ca2+ channel opening

A

Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (Subtypes: M2, M4) [Metabotropic]

52
Q

Serotonin receptor type which directly opens Na+/K+ channels

A

5-HT3 (ionotropic)

53
Q

Glutamate receptor types which directly open Na+/K+ (Na+/K+/Ca2+) channels

A

Kainate (KA), AMPA, and NMDA receptors (ionotropic)

54
Q

GABA receptor type which directly opens Cl- channels

A

GABA(A) (ionotropic)

55
Q

GABA receptor type which indirectly opens K+ channels and inhibits Ca2+ channel opening

A

GABA(B) (metabotropic)

56
Q

Glycine receptor type which directly opens Cl- channels

A

GlyR (ionotropic)

57
Q

Function of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

A

directly open Na+/K+ channels

58
Q

Function of M1, M3, M5 subtype muscarinic acetylcholine receptors

A

stimulate phospholipase C and close K+ channels

59
Q

Function of M2, M4 subtype muscarinic acetylcholine receptors

A

inhibit adenylyl cyclase, open K+ channels, and inhibit Ca2+ channel opening

60
Q

Function of 5-HT3 serotonin receptors

A

directly open Na+/K+ channels

61
Q

Function of Kainate, AMPA, NMDA receptors

A

directly open Na+/K+ (Na+/K+/Ca2+) channels

62
Q

Function of GABA(A) receptors

A

directly opens Cl- channels

63
Q

Function of GABA(B) receptors

A

indirectly opens K+ channels and inhibits Ca2+ channel opening

64
Q

Function of GlyR receptors

A

directly opens Cl- channels

65
Q

Change in postsynaptic ion permeability caused by released neurotransmitter

A

postsynaptic potential

66
Q

postsynaptic response which increases the probability that postsynaptic neuron will fire an action potential

A

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP)

67
Q

postsynaptic response which decreases the probability that postsynaptic neuron will fire an action potential

A

Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP)

68
Q

What determines the effectiveness of spatial summation of action potentials?

A

length constant (easier to sum if the length constant is “more forgiving”)

69
Q

Temporal summation is more possible with a long or short time constant?

A

Long time constant since they’re more drawn out

70
Q

Stellate neurons are relay cells with small surface area and often act as interneurons. What is there time constant like?

A

short time constant helps maintain timing information

71
Q

Pyramidal neurons are integrating neurons which integrate information over time. What is there time constant like?

A

Long time constant helps with temporal summation

72
Q

What is an axo-axonic synapse?

A

Where an axon terminal receives input from another axon

73
Q

Most axo-axonic synapses are…

A

inhibitory

74
Q

How does presynaptic inhibition usually work?

A

Activating of K+ channels inhibits voltage gated Ca2+ channels from opening (which in turn prevents vesicle exocytosis)

75
Q

Presynaptic receptors activated by same transmitter released at the terminal

A

autoreceptor

76
Q

Neurotransmitters affecting multiple postsynaptic cells

A

volume transmission

77
Q

Three mechanisms of volume transmission

A

1) diffusion out of synaptic cleft (spillover)
2) release into non-synaptic extracellular space (diffuse release)
3) neurotransmitter diffuses through cell membranes

78
Q

How does neuromodulation work without changing ion conductance?

A

Stimulates or inhibits second messenger pathways in postsynaptic cells

SF1 1 (8 decks)

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