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SF1 1 > Neurohistology > Flashcards

Neurohistology Flashcards

1
Q

What defines the CNS anatomically?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

Brings sensory information from the periphery to the CNS (type of nerve)

A

Afferent

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3
Q

Takes motor information from CNS to periphery (type of nerve)

A

Efferent

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4
Q

Location of neuronal cell bodies in the CNS (2)

A

Grey matter and deep nuclei

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5
Q

Location of neuronal cell bodies in the PNS

A

ganglia

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6
Q

Location of axons in the CNS

A

white matter

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7
Q

Location of axons in the PNS

A

nerves

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8
Q

Types of supporting cells (glia) present in the CNS (4)

A

1) astrocytes
2) oligodendrocytes
3) microglia
4) ependymal cells

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9
Q

Types of supporting cells (glia) present in the PNS (2)

A

Schwann cells and satellite cells

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10
Q

Another name for neuronal soma

A

perikaryon

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11
Q

Nissl body composition (2)

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum and polyribosomes

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12
Q

Residue of lysosomal breakdown. Contain lipids and pigments. Accumulates with age.

A

Lipofuscin

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13
Q

Motor protein involved in anterograde transport

A

kinesin

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14
Q

Motor protein involved in retrograde transport

A

dynein

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15
Q

Which is slower, anterograde or retrograde transport in axons?

A

anterograde

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16
Q

[Morphological classification] Multiple dendritic processes. Characteristic of motor neurons and interneurons.

A

multipolar neuron

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17
Q

[Morphological classification] One main dendrite and one axon. Characteristic of special sensory neurons (vision, olfaction, hearing)

A

bipolar neuron

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18
Q

[Morphological classification] Single bidirectional axon-peripheral process (transmitting from the periphery) and a central process (transmitting information to the CNS). Characteristic of sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglia.

A

unipolar neuron

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19
Q

Most numerous glial cell type in the brain

A

astrocytes

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20
Q

Two types of astrocytes

A

1) Fibrous Astrocytes (present in white matter)

2) Protoplasmic Astrocytes (present in gray matter)

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21
Q

Supportive functions of astrocytes (4)

A

1) forming the blood-brain barrier
2) nutritional support
3) uptake of neurotransmitters
4) regulate extracellular ionic concentrations

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22
Q

These glia line the ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord. Apical ends have cilia and microvilli

A

Ependymal cells

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23
Q

Cells responsible for producing cerebrospinal fluid

A

Ependymal cells

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24
Q

Microglia are derived from what type of cell

A

Monocytes

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25
Q

Small glial cells with mobile processes that sense the environment – important for immune surveillance

A

Microglia

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26
Q

Smaller cell with several cytoplasmic extensions (can myelinate multiple internodes of multiple neurons), responsible for myelinating axons in the CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

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27
Q

Protective insulation from the cell membranes of supporting cells that concentrically wrap around a section of the axon

A

myelin sheath

28
Q

What’s different about Schwann cells as opposed to oligodendrocytes in terms of how it wraps neurons?

A

One Schwann cell wraps one internode of one neuron

29
Q

True or false: Small diameter axons which are unmyelinated are still enveloped by Schwann cells

A

True!

Multiple axons are enveloped by a Schwann cell but they’re not individually wrapped like with myelination. It’s not layered

30
Q

Three levels of macroorganization of the brain

A

1) cerebrum
2) cerebellum
3) brainstem

31
Q

In the spinal cord, is the white matter deep or superficial?

A

superficial

32
Q

In the brain, is the white matter deep or superficial?

A

deep

33
Q

Connective tissue membranes that wrap the brain and spinal cord

A

meninges

34
Q

Outermost and toughest connective tissue membrane in the CNS

A

dura mater

35
Q

Two layers of the dura mater

A

1) periosteal layer - attached to the bone of the skull

2) meningeal layer - closer to the brain itself.

36
Q

The meningeal layer will separate to form _____ and rejoins to form a _____ (formed from two meningeal layers of dura in between hemispheres of the brain)

A

Dural sinus; dural fold

37
Q

Bleeding between the skull and dura

A

Epidural hematoma

38
Q

Layer between dura mater and pia mater. Contains spider web-like extensions

A

Arachnoid matter

39
Q

Located between the arachnoid and pia mater and contains CSF

A

Subarachnoid space

40
Q

Delicate, highly vascularized layer that is intimately applied to the surface of the brain and spinal cord

A

pia mater

41
Q

Dural fold that separates the right and left cerebral hemispheres

A

falx cerebri

42
Q

Gray matter in the cerebrum is found in the ____ ____ layer. Organized into 7 layers

A

cerebral cortex

43
Q

Three layers of the cerebellar cortex

A

1) molecular layer
2) purkinje cell layer
3) granular layer

44
Q

Connective tissue layers covering nerves in the PNS (from superficial to deep)

A

1) epineurium - surrounds entire nerve
2) perineurium - surrounds nerve fibers bundled in fascicles
3) endoneurium - surrounds individual axon

45
Q

The sensory pathway goes through the posterior root ganglion or the anterior root?

A

posterior root ganglion

46
Q

The motor pathway goes through the posterior root ganglion or the anterior root?

A

anterior root

47
Q

Discrete organization of CT capsules. Clusters of neuronal soma and myelinated fiber tracts

A

Sensory Ganglia (Spinal/Dorsal Root Ganglia)

48
Q

Two types of Autonomic (Visceromotor) Ganglia

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia

49
Q

Thin CT capsule. Diffuse arrangement of neuronal soma and thin, indistinct, unmyelinated fiber tracts. Multipolar neurons with satellite and capsule cells. More than 100 neurons usually.

A

Sympathetic ganglia

50
Q

Indistinct CT capsule. Found in the wall of a target organ. Diffuse arrangement of soma and unmyelinated fiber tracts. Less than 100 neurons usually

A

Parasympathetic ganglia

51
Q

Responsible for light touch and texture sensation. Found n the dermal papillae of thick skin

A

Meissner’s Corpuscles (Tactile Corpuscles)

52
Q

Responsible for deep pressure, vibration and stretch sensations deep in the dermis.

A

Pacinian Corpuscles (Lamellar corpuscles)

53
Q

Responsible for proprioception in skeletal muscles

A

Muscle spindles

54
Q

Responsible for proprioception in tendons

A

tendon organ

55
Q

Responsible for pain, heat, and cold sensations. Found all over basically lmao

A

Free nerve endings

56
Q

Responsible for light touch and movement sensation surrounding the hair follicle

A

Hair receptors

57
Q

What do free nerve endings and hair receptors have in common?

A

they’re unencapsulated

58
Q

Specialized mucosa found on the dorsum of the tongue

A

lingual papillae

59
Q

Smallest and most numerous papillae. Have keratinized tips and are important in sensing the texture of food. NOT associated with taste buds

A

filiform papillae

60
Q

Four types of lingual papillae

A

1) filiform papillae
2) fungiform papillae
3) circumvallate papillae
4) foliate papillae

61
Q

Mushroom shaped papillae that are less abundant than filiform and are scattered widely over the tongue. Taste buds associated.

A

fungiform papillae

62
Q

Papillae directly anterior to the sulcus terminalis. Taste buds are embedded on the lateral aspects of these papillae.

A

circumvallate papillae

63
Q

Located on posterolateral aspect of the tongue. They are associated with taste buds but not well developed in humans.

A

Foliate papillae

64
Q

Barrel-shaped epithelial organs housing taste receptor cells

A

taste bus

65
Q

Components of taste buds (3)

A

1) epithelial-derive taste receptors cells
2) supporting cells (sustenacular cells)
3) basal cells (at the bottom of the taste bud)

66
Q

Located in the upper 1/3 of the nasal cavity. Has bipolar neurons specialized for transmission of odor molecules

A

olfactory epithelium

SF1 1 (8 decks)

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