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SF1 1 > Sensory > Flashcards

Sensory Flashcards

1
Q

Conversion of a physical signal (energy) into a neural signal

A

tranduction

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2
Q

Representing qualitative and quantitative aspects of stimulus (modality, intensity, duration, location)

A

encoding

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3
Q

conscious awareness of stimulation

A

perception

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4
Q

[Encoding] quality of a stimulus

A

modality

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5
Q

[Encoding] strength of a stimulus

A

intensity

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6
Q

[Encoding] length of stimulation

A

duration

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7
Q

[Encoding] site of stimulation

A

location

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8
Q

Basic modalities of sensation (5)

A

1) somatosensation (sense of body)
2) vision
3) audition
4) olfaction
5) gustation

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9
Q

type of energy that activates a specific receptor at lowest energy level

A

adequate stimulus

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10
Q

lowest intensity which can be detected reliably 50% of the time

A

sensory threshold

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11
Q

Relationship between threshold and sensitivity

A

inversely related

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12
Q

Slowly adapting receptors provide accurate information about…

A

stimulus duration

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13
Q

Rapidly adapting receptors provide information about…

A

change in stimulus intensity

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14
Q

Specific spatial location where stimulus energy is effective in stimulating a receptor

A

receptive field

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15
Q

Transduces physical energy (membrane deformation) into neural activity

A

Mechanosensitive ion channel (also called stretch-gated ion channels)

eg: pacinian, meissner, and ruffini corpuscles. Merkel discs. etc…

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16
Q

Cold or warm somatosensory receptor contain thermally gated ____ channels

A

TRP channels

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17
Q

Large family of ion channels gated by mechanical, chemical, osmotic or thermal stimulation. Can open Na+, K+, H+, or Ca2+ channels depending on channel subtype.

A

Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) channels

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18
Q

Cold TRP receptors are also stimulated by…

A

menthol

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19
Q

Warm TRP receptors are also stimulated by…

A

capsaicin

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20
Q

How is stimulus duration encoded?

A

length of the action potential train, in other words, the duration of transmitter release onto second order neuron

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21
Q

reduced output despite sustained stimulation

A

adaptation

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22
Q

Type of channel offering an explanation for ion conductance adaption

A

Ca2+-activated K+ channels

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23
Q

What is an encapsulated receptor surrounded by?

A

connective tissue capsule

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24
Q

Types of non encapsulated receptors / free nerve endings (4)

A

1) mechanical
2) thermal
3) itch
4) nociceptors (pain)

25
Q

Mechanoreceptors with disk-shaped terminal of myelinated axons. Nonencapsulated receptor type

A

Merkel endings

26
Q

Encapsulated mechanoreceptor, containing layered stack of schwann cells. Axon endings wind between the schwann cell layers. Located just under epidermis in hairless skin

A

Meissner corpuscle

27
Q

Encapsulated subcutaneous mechanoreceptor, with single axon ending in center of capsule containing concentric layers of epithelial cells with fluid filled spaces.

A

Pacinian corpuscle

28
Q

Encapsulated mechanoreceptor found in dermis, subcutaneous, and connective tissue. Capsule contains collagen strands with intertwined axon endings. The stretching of skin applies tension to collagen strands, squeezing axon endings.

A

Ruffini endings

29
Q

Pacinian corpuscle – rapid or slow adapting?

A

Rapidly adapting receptor

30
Q

Which respond to lower frequency of vibration, Meissner or Pacinian corpsucles?

A

Meissner

31
Q

Merkel and Ruffini receptors are slow or fast adapting?

A

slow

32
Q

True or False: Free nerve endings are rapidly adapting?

A

False. They can be both rapid or slow actually

33
Q

Most abundant sensory receptor type in hand

A

Meissner corpuscles

34
Q

Itch receptors can also respond to chemical stimuli, including what chemical?

A

histamine

35
Q

Provide sensory information about muscle length

A

Muscle Spindles

36
Q

Provide iformation about muscle tension

A

Golgi tendon organs

37
Q

Provide pain sensory information about muscle injury or overuse

A

Free nerve endings

38
Q

Receptor type mediating joint pain

A

free nerve endings

39
Q

Around joints; may provide some information about join movements that cause stretching of skin

A

ruffini endings

40
Q

Near the periosteum; provide information about bone vibration in joints

A

Pacinian corpuscles

41
Q

most cutaneous mechanoreceptor sensory fibers. Large diameter, myelinated, and fast conduction velocities

A

A-beta fibers

42
Q

Cutaneous sensory fibers to hair follicle receptors and some free nerve endings. Small diameter, lightly myelinated, conduct more slowly that large diameter myelinated axons.

A

A-delta fibers

43
Q

Small diameter, unmyelinated axons of free nerve endings. Type of cutaneous sensory fiber.

A

C fibers

44
Q

Type of pain associated with A-delta fibers

A

fast pain, perceived as sharp, pricking, and localized

45
Q

Type of pain associated with C fibers

A

slow pain, perceived as aching, throbbing, and burning

46
Q

Structure responsible for sensory transduction in olfactory receptor neurons

A

cilia. they contain g-protein coupled odorant receptors

47
Q

olfactory g protein receptors stimulate which second messenger pathway?

A

G(olf) stimulates adenylyl cyclase -> cAMP, etc..

48
Q

Similar to Ca2+ activated K+ channels, this channel family has intracellular binding sites and amplify the effect from G protein receptor pathways by bringing in sodium and calcium

A

Cyclic Nucleotide (cAMP or cGMP) gated channels

49
Q

In olfactory sensory transduction, the increase in Ca2+ does what to cause further depolarization

A

stimulates Ca2+-activated Cl- channels. EFFLUX of Cl-

50
Q

What causes the response to continuous odor to terminate in about 1 minute?

A

Ca2+ binds to calmodulin, which goes an inhibits the CNG channel (calcium activated cl- efflux channel)

51
Q

Location that olfactory receptor neuron axons project to in the brain

A

olfactory bulb

52
Q

Which two taste sensations have ionotropic receptors?

A

salt and sour

53
Q

Which three taste sensations have metabotropic receptors?

A

sweet, bitter, and umami

54
Q

Channel associated with salt taste transduction

A

Epithelial Sodium Channel (ENaC)

It’s a leak channel in which the increase in extracellular Na+ causes an influx into the cell.

55
Q

Channel associated with sour taste transduction

A

Proton permeable TRP channel

Inward H+ flow depolarizes cell. Intracellular H+ blocks K+ channel to further depolarize.

56
Q

Channel associated with sweet taste transduction

A

Type 1 Taste Receptor (T1R) - G-protein coupled. Stimulates phospholipase C

57
Q

Channel associated with bitter taste transduction

A

T2R family. G-protein receptor with specific protein, gustducin

58
Q

Channel associated with umami taste transduction

A

A different type of T1R family channel from sweet and bitter

SF1 1 (8 decks)

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