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Physiology Block 5 > Synapses, Neurotranmitters, And Membrane Receptors > Flashcards

Synapses, Neurotranmitters, And Membrane Receptors Flashcards

1
Q

One to one synapses

A

One pre synaptic to one post synaptic

-conveys info

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2
Q

Example of a one to one synapse

A

NMJ

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3
Q

One to many synapse

A

One presynaptic to more than one post synaptic

-amplify signal

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4
Q

Example of many to one synapse

A

Motorneurons in spinal cord

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5
Q

Many to one synapse

A

More than one pre synaptic to one post synaptic

-allows for integration of many signals. “Decides proper response”

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6
Q

What happens when a neurotransmitter binds

A

It changes the post synaptic membrane potential

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7
Q

What is it called when the neurotransmitter binding to the receptor changes the post synaptic membrane potential

A

Post synaptic potentials

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8
Q

Post synaptic potentials

A
  • Can generalize neurotransmitters based on their usual effect
  • can be excitatory or inhibitory
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9
Q

What type of post synaptic potentials depolarize cell towards threshold (+)

A

Excitatory post synaptic potentials

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10
Q

Excitatory post synaptic potentials are usually the result of

A

Opening Na+ channels

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11
Q

What are some common excitatory post synaptic potentials

A

Glutamate, acetylcholine

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12
Q

This type of post synaptic membrane potential hyperpolarizes away from threshold (-)

A

Inhibitory post synaptic potentials

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13
Q

Inhibitory post synaptic potentials are usually the result of

A

Opening Cl- channels

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14
Q

Examples of inhibitory post synaptic potentials

A

GABA and glycine

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15
Q

Synaptic integration of IPSPs and EPSPs

A

Usually each neuron is the post synaptic cell for numerous pre synaptic cells
-signals have to be integrated-combined together and a decision made

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16
Q

How does signal integration happen

A

Through temporal and spatial summation

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17
Q

Temporal summation

A
  • time
  • can be from one or more pre synaptic
  • inputs overlap, membrane does not completely repolarize between (additive)
  • lateral impulses further depolarize towards threshold
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18
Q

How do ISPSs and EPSPs integrate?

A

Similarly

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19
Q

Spatial summation

A
  • multiple inputs at the same time

- multiple pre synaptic provide input at the same time, impulses add together

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20
Q

Facilitation, augmentation and potentiation of synaptic activity

A
  • rapid stimulation of pre synaptic increases response in post synaptic
  • increase Ca2+ in pre synaptic leads to more NT released
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21
Q

Increased ____ in pre synaptic leaders to more NT released

A

Ca2+

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22
Q

Short term depression of synaptic activity

A

Repeated stimulation can expend the stored NT

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23
Q

What does long term modulation of synaptic activity require

A

Transcriptional changes

  • altering receptor cxn on post synaptic cell
  • altering amount of NT chores in pre synaptic cell
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24
Q

Consider a cell at RMP, opening of which ion channel would result in EPSP?

A

Calcium

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25
Q

Consider a cell at RMP, opening of which ion channel would result in an IPSP

A

Potassium

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26
Q

Substances released by pre synaptic cell, classified by structural features

A

neurotransmitters

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27
Q

What are some examples of NT

A
  • choline esters
  • biogenic amines-derived from aa
  • aa
  • gaseous transmitters
  • neuropeptides
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28
Q

A neurotransmitter must:

A
  • be synthesized from presynaptic cell
  • be released from pre synaptic upon stimulation
  • if applied exogenously to post-syn, elicit response similar to the normal response
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29
Q

What do NT differ from hormones

A

Hormones are transported by blood to target organs

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30
Q

What is acetylcholine made from

A

-acetate and choline (most of which is recycled from previous release)

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31
Q

Where is acetylcholine stored

A

Vesicles

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32
Q

When is acetylcholine released

A

In response to increased Ca2+ influx into nerve terminal

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33
Q

How is acetylcholine broken down?

A

Broken down into acetate and choline by acetylcholine esterase

34
Q

What are biogenic amines derived from

A

Aa

35
Q

Examples of biogenic amines

A

Tyrosine-dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine

36
Q

Production of biogenic amines

A

Based on presence of proper enzymes

37
Q

Another name for biogenic amines

A

Monoamines

38
Q

How are biogenic amines broken down

A

Broken down by monoamine oxidase (MAO) and Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT)
-useful in determining amount of NT released

39
Q

Biogenic amine: tryptophan

A

Makes serotonin and melatonin

40
Q

Biogenic amine: histidine

A

Makes histamine

41
Q

Amino acids as NT

A

Actual amino acids

  • GABA, glutamate and glycine
  • GABA(a) receptor is site of benzo and barbs action in CNS
42
Q

What is the site of benzo and barbs actions in CNS

A

GABA(a) receptor

Amino acid neurotransmitter

43
Q

Gaseous NT

A

Cell permeant gasses (NO) that can act on post syn cells

44
Q

Neuropeptides as NT

A

Larger molecules like ADH and Oxytocin

  • neuromodulators
  • neurohormones
45
Q

Act on pre syn cell to affect amount of NT release, also can be co-secreted with NT to modulate post syn response

A

Neuromodulators

46
Q

Example of neuromodulators

A

VIP with Ach and GI

47
Q

Made by neurons and released into blood stream to have effects

A

Neurohormones

48
Q

Examples of neurohormones

A

ADH

49
Q

Released along with NT to augment effect

A

Purines (adenosine and ATP)

50
Q

Example of purines

A

ATP + norepi increases VSMC contraction

51
Q

What is the function of the signal dictated by

A

Receptor, not NT

52
Q

What ar the two types of NT receptors?

A

Metabotropic and ionotropic

53
Q

This type of receptor generates 2nd messengers

A

Metabotropic

54
Q

This type of NT receptor is an ion channel

A

Ionotropic

55
Q

Opening and closing of a ionotropic NT receptor

A

Dependent upon binding of ligand

56
Q

Examples of ionotropic receptors

A
  • nicotinic receptors are primarily Na+ channels

- GABA(a) are chloride channels

57
Q

Receptors are coupled to an intracellular protein. Binding of ligand activates intracellular protein to generate 2nd messenger molecules

A

Metabotropic

58
Q

Once 2nd messengers are activated by metabotropic receptors, what can they do

A
  • interact with and alter ionic ion channels

- activate kinases to eventually alter transcription

59
Q

Receptor tyrosine kinases **

A
  • growth factor signaling
  • starts kinase cascade to change transcription
  • insulin
  • antagonistic
60
Q

What ar most metabotropic receptors?

A

G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR)

61
Q

What targets about 50% of all drugs

A

Metabotropic receptors

62
Q

What determines the metabotropic receptors function

A

The intracellular G protein that they are coupled with

63
Q

What are the three subtypes of metabotropic receptors

A

Gs, GI, and Gq

64
Q

What does Gs and Gi do

A

Alter activity of adenylate cyclase which makes cAMP

65
Q

What can cAMP do

A

Open ion channels and initiate kinase cascade thigh out PKA

66
Q

What stimulates AC (adenylate cyclase)

A

Gs, increases cAMP

67
Q

What inhibits AC (adenylate cyclase)

A

G1, decreases cAMP

68
Q

What is cAMP degraded by

A

Phosphodiesterase (PDE)

69
Q

Gq activates phospholipase C to make what

A

IP3 and DAG

70
Q

____ can open calcium channels on intracellular stores

A

IP3

71
Q

____ can activate a kinase cascade through PKC

A

DAG

72
Q

To know effect of GPCRs…

A

Know coupled G-protein and effect of 2nd messenger

73
Q

B1 and B2 adrenergic receptors

A

Both are Gs coupled, both make cAMP

  • B1 predominantly in heart, cAMP in heart contractions (increases force)
  • B2 primarily in smooth muscle, cAMP in smooth muscle relaxes smooth muscles
74
Q

Important types of GPCRs

A
  • muscarinic (respond to Ach)
  • alpha adrenergic (NE and Epi)
  • beta adrenergic (NE and Epi)
75
Q

Important muscarinic receptors

A

M3 (Gq)

M2 (Gi)

76
Q

Important alpha adrenergic receptors

A

a1 (Gq)

A2 (Gi)

77
Q

Important beta adrenergic receptors

A

B1 and B2 (Gs)

78
Q

What makes cGMP?

A

Guanalyl cyclase

79
Q

Guanalyl cyclase

A
  • makes cGMP
  • can be coupled to receptor or not
  • non receptor can be activated by NO
  • broken down by PDE
80
Q

What is cGMP important for

A

It is a vital second messenger in the phototransduction pathway

81
Q

Which of the following would be classified as a 2nd messenger

A

Calcium

82
Q

Serotonin binds to a receptor and causes a change in membrane polarity, it is a _______

A

Insufficient data

Physiology Block 5 (8 decks)

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