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Physiology Block 5 > Synapses, Neurotranmitters, And Membrane Receptors > Flashcards

Synapses, Neurotranmitters, And Membrane Receptors Flashcards

1
Q

One to one synapses

A

One pre synaptic to one post synaptic

-conveys info

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2
Q

Example of a one to one synapse

A

NMJ

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3
Q

One to many synapse

A

One presynaptic to more than one post synaptic

-amplify signal

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4
Q

Example of many to one synapse

A

Motorneurons in spinal cord

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5
Q

Many to one synapse

A

More than one pre synaptic to one post synaptic

-allows for integration of many signals. “Decides proper response”

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6
Q

What happens when a neurotransmitter binds

A

It changes the post synaptic membrane potential

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7
Q

What is it called when the neurotransmitter binding to the receptor changes the post synaptic membrane potential

A

Post synaptic potentials

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8
Q

Post synaptic potentials

A
  • Can generalize neurotransmitters based on their usual effect
  • can be excitatory or inhibitory
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9
Q

What type of post synaptic potentials depolarize cell towards threshold (+)

A

Excitatory post synaptic potentials

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10
Q

Excitatory post synaptic potentials are usually the result of

A

Opening Na+ channels

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11
Q

What are some common excitatory post synaptic potentials

A

Glutamate, acetylcholine

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12
Q

This type of post synaptic membrane potential hyperpolarizes away from threshold (-)

A

Inhibitory post synaptic potentials

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13
Q

Inhibitory post synaptic potentials are usually the result of

A

Opening Cl- channels

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14
Q

Examples of inhibitory post synaptic potentials

A

GABA and glycine

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15
Q

Synaptic integration of IPSPs and EPSPs

A

Usually each neuron is the post synaptic cell for numerous pre synaptic cells
-signals have to be integrated-combined together and a decision made

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16
Q

How does signal integration happen

A

Through temporal and spatial summation

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17
Q

Temporal summation

A
  • time
  • can be from one or more pre synaptic
  • inputs overlap, membrane does not completely repolarize between (additive)
  • lateral impulses further depolarize towards threshold
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18
Q

How do ISPSs and EPSPs integrate?

A

Similarly

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19
Q

Spatial summation

A
  • multiple inputs at the same time

- multiple pre synaptic provide input at the same time, impulses add together

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20
Q

Facilitation, augmentation and potentiation of synaptic activity

A
  • rapid stimulation of pre synaptic increases response in post synaptic
  • increase Ca2+ in pre synaptic leads to more NT released
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21
Q

Increased ____ in pre synaptic leaders to more NT released

A

Ca2+

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22
Q

Short term depression of synaptic activity

A

Repeated stimulation can expend the stored NT

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23
Q

What does long term modulation of synaptic activity require

A

Transcriptional changes

  • altering receptor cxn on post synaptic cell
  • altering amount of NT chores in pre synaptic cell
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24
Q

Consider a cell at RMP, opening of which ion channel would result in EPSP?

A

Calcium

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25
Consider a cell at RMP, opening of which ion channel would result in an IPSP
Potassium
26
Substances released by pre synaptic cell, classified by structural features
neurotransmitters
27
What are some examples of NT
- choline esters - biogenic amines-derived from aa - aa - gaseous transmitters - neuropeptides
28
A neurotransmitter must:
- be synthesized from presynaptic cell - be released from pre synaptic upon stimulation - if applied exogenously to post-syn, elicit response similar to the normal response
29
What do NT differ from hormones
Hormones are transported by blood to target organs
30
What is acetylcholine made from
-acetate and choline (most of which is recycled from previous release)
31
Where is acetylcholine stored
Vesicles
32
When is acetylcholine released
In response to increased Ca2+ influx into nerve terminal
33
How is acetylcholine broken down?
Broken down into acetate and choline by acetylcholine esterase
34
What are biogenic amines derived from
Aa
35
Examples of biogenic amines
Tyrosine-dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine
36
Production of biogenic amines
Based on presence of proper enzymes
37
Another name for biogenic amines
Monoamines
38
How are biogenic amines broken down
Broken down by monoamine oxidase (MAO) and Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) -useful in determining amount of NT released
39
Biogenic amine: tryptophan
Makes serotonin and melatonin
40
Biogenic amine: histidine
Makes histamine
41
Amino acids as NT
Actual amino acids - GABA, glutamate and glycine - GABA(a) receptor is site of benzo and barbs action in CNS
42
What is the site of benzo and barbs actions in CNS
GABA(a) receptor | Amino acid neurotransmitter
43
Gaseous NT
Cell permeant gasses (NO) that can act on post syn cells
44
Neuropeptides as NT
Larger molecules like ADH and Oxytocin - neuromodulators - neurohormones
45
Act on pre syn cell to affect amount of NT release, also can be co-secreted with NT to modulate post syn response
Neuromodulators
46
Example of neuromodulators
VIP with Ach and GI
47
Made by neurons and released into blood stream to have effects
Neurohormones
48
Examples of neurohormones
ADH
49
Released along with NT to augment effect
Purines (adenosine and ATP)
50
Example of purines
ATP + norepi increases VSMC contraction
51
What is the function of the signal dictated by
Receptor, not NT
52
What ar the two types of NT receptors?
Metabotropic and ionotropic
53
This type of receptor generates 2nd messengers
Metabotropic
54
This type of NT receptor is an ion channel
Ionotropic
55
Opening and closing of a ionotropic NT receptor
Dependent upon binding of ligand
56
Examples of ionotropic receptors
- nicotinic receptors are primarily Na+ channels | - GABA(a) are chloride channels
57
Receptors are coupled to an intracellular protein. Binding of ligand activates intracellular protein to generate 2nd messenger molecules
Metabotropic
58
Once 2nd messengers are activated by metabotropic receptors, what can they do
- interact with and alter ionic ion channels | - activate kinases to eventually alter transcription
59
Receptor tyrosine kinases **
- growth factor signaling - starts kinase cascade to change transcription - insulin - antagonistic
60
What ar most metabotropic receptors?
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR)
61
What targets about 50% of all drugs
Metabotropic receptors
62
What determines the metabotropic receptors function
The intracellular G protein that they are coupled with
63
What are the three subtypes of metabotropic receptors
Gs, GI, and Gq
64
What does Gs and Gi do
Alter activity of adenylate cyclase which makes cAMP
65
What can cAMP do
Open ion channels and initiate kinase cascade thigh out PKA
66
What stimulates AC (adenylate cyclase)
Gs, increases cAMP
67
What inhibits AC (adenylate cyclase)
G1, decreases cAMP
68
What is cAMP degraded by
Phosphodiesterase (PDE)
69
Gq activates phospholipase C to make what
IP3 and DAG
70
____ can open calcium channels on intracellular stores
IP3
71
____ can activate a kinase cascade through PKC
DAG
72
To know effect of GPCRs...
Know coupled G-protein and effect of 2nd messenger
73
B1 and B2 adrenergic receptors
Both are Gs coupled, both make cAMP - B1 predominantly in heart, cAMP in heart contractions (increases force) - B2 primarily in smooth muscle, cAMP in smooth muscle relaxes smooth muscles
74
Important types of GPCRs
- muscarinic (respond to Ach) - alpha adrenergic (NE and Epi) - beta adrenergic (NE and Epi)
75
Important muscarinic receptors
M3 (Gq) | M2 (Gi)
76
Important alpha adrenergic receptors
a1 (Gq) | A2 (Gi)
77
Important beta adrenergic receptors
B1 and B2 (Gs)
78
What makes cGMP?
Guanalyl cyclase
79
Guanalyl cyclase
- makes cGMP - can be coupled to receptor or not - non receptor can be activated by NO - broken down by PDE
80
What is cGMP important for
It is a vital second messenger in the phototransduction pathway
81
Which of the following would be classified as a 2nd messenger
Calcium
82
Serotonin binds to a receptor and causes a change in membrane polarity, it is a _______
Insufficient data

Physiology Block 5 (8 decks)

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