Introduction, Body Fluids, And Composition

Question 1

Passive transport

Answer 1

With gradient

Can be diffusion or facilitated diffusion

Question 2

Active transport

Answer 2

Against gradient
Requires enzyme
-primary action
-secondary action

Question 3

Movement of solutes from area of higher to lower concentration

Answer 3

Diffusion

Question 4

What kind of movement is diffusion

Answer 4

Random

Question 5

Speed of diffusion

Answer 5

Faster with temperature and concentration gradient

Question 6

What can diffusion utilize?

Answer 6

Channel if non-permeant

Question 7

Carrier proteins bind to and move non specific non-permeable solutes across membrane

Answer 7

Facilitated diffusion

Question 8

What is the rate of diffusion equation

Answer 8

J=PA(Ca-Cb)

P=permeability (cm/sec)
A=surface area for diffusion
Ca-Cb=difference in concentration of two solutes (mmol/L)

Question 9

Solution A and B are separated by 4cm^2 of membrane that is permeabel only to calcium. It’s permeability was measured at 2.76X10-5 cm/sec. the partition coefficient of calcium is 10^-8, as measured in an oil water mixture. The urea concentration of solution A is 10 mg/ml while solution B is 1 mg/ml. What is the initial diffusion rate of urea and in what direction will it move?

Answer 9

No movement will occur because it is only permeable to calcium

Question 10

This type of transport requires energy (ATP), always moves a solute AGAINST its gradient, and name usually include ATPase, -porter, or exchanger

Answer 10

Active transport

Question 11

What direction does active transport move things?

Answer 11

Can move one or more molecules in varying direction

Question 12

Types of directional active transport

Answer 12

• symport (cotransport)

- antiport/exchanger (countertransport)

Question 13

Active transport that moves in the same direction

Answer 13

Symport (cotransport)

Question 14

SGLT1 (Na+-glucose transporter 1)-moves Na+ and glucose into the cell in small intestine and kidney. This is an example of what kind of active transport

Answer 14

Symport (cotransport)

Question 15

NCX (Na+-Ca+ exchanger)-moves Ca2+ out and Na+ into cell. Usually in excitable cells (retina). What kind of active transport is this?

Answer 15

Antiport/exchange (countertransport)

Question 16

Primary active transport

Answer 16

ATP is used to directly move solutes

-pumps and ATPases usually

Question 17

Secondary active transport

Answer 17

The gradient set up by primary transport is used to move solutes

Question 18

Tertiary active transport

Answer 18

Uses cargo brough in by secondary to bring in another solute

Question 19

How does Digitalis (Na+/K+ ATPase inhibitor) increase the strength of cardiac contractions?

Answer 19

Lowers the Na+ concentration gradient, which lowers energy, which means calcium stays inside the cell

Question 20

What is maximum transport

Answer 20

If a form of transport utilizes a carrier protein that binds to the substrate it can become saturated.

Question 21

When does saturation occur?

Answer 21

When the concentration of a solute is greater than the number of available transporters can handle

Question 22

Maximal rate of transporter movement is called the what

Answer 22

Transporter maximum

Question 23

What is an example of transport maximum

Answer 23

Glucosuria in diabetes

Question 24

What kind of specificity do transport proteins have?

Answer 24

Stereospecificity

Question 25

What is an example of sterospecificity?

Answer 25

D-glucose is bound and transported, L-glucose is not bound or transported

Question 26

How do drugs uses the transporters stereospecificity to perform its action

Answer 26

Transporters also recognize closely related molecules. These compete for binding sites and can affect Tm. -Farxiga blocks SGLT1 by occupying the binding site, reaches lower Tm at lower actual concentration

Question 27

Predict how the movement rate of sodium through a channel would change if the concentration gradient of sodium was increased by 100%

Answer 27

Rate would be doubled

Question 28

Predict how the movement rate of glucose would change if the concentration gradient of glucose was increased 100%

Answer 28

Insufficient data. Depends on initial concentration gradient

Question 29

Which of the following could exhibit a transport maximum? A. Movement of sodium though Nav(voltage gated Na+ channel) B. Movement of O2 into blood C. Movement of potassium via Na-K ATPase D. Movement of CO2 out of tissues

Answer 29

C. Movement of potassium view Na-K ATPase

Question 30

What is the movement of water

Answer 30

Osmosis

Question 31

How can water pass freely through most cell membranes?

Answer 31

- channels called aquaporins - difference in concentration of solutes that cannot pass generates a pressure difference - this pushes water from area of low solute concentration to area of high solute concentration - positive correlation with temperature

Question 32

What is the pressure that stops movement in osmosis?

Answer 32

Osmotic pressure

Question 33

What is osmosis basically?

Answer 33

Diffusion of water

Question 34

What is the number of particles per molecule in a concentration?

Answer 34

Osmolarity (gC)

Question 35

What is the amount of dissolved stuff in body?

Answer 35

Osmolality

Question 36

Comparison of two fluids separated by a semi-permeable membrane, with respect to the bathing solution

Answer 36

Tonicity

Question 37

If the Inside of cell has more dissolved solutes, what ill water do and what is it called?

Answer 37

Water rushes in, cell bursts | -hypotonic (hyposmotic)

Question 38

Dissolved solutes are equal with no net water movement is called what

Answer 38

Isotonic (isosmotic)

Question 39

When there is less solute inside the cell than outside the cell, what does water do and what is it called?

Answer 39

Water rushes out, cell shrivels | -hypertonic (hyperosmotic)

Question 40

What does someone lose in their sweat?

Answer 40

Some water and NaCl

Question 41

How does sweating affect the Osm of ECF and ICF?

Answer 41

ICF Osm went up, ECF Osm went up

Question 42

Why would you give someone who had a heat stroke an IV with cold saline instead of cold water?

Answer 42

Cold water will make RBCs lyse

Question 43

Used to visualize how osmolality and volume changes

Answer 43

Darrow-Yannett diagrams

Question 44

Darrow-yannett diagram

Answer 44

- used to visualize how osmolality and volume changes - osmolality (cxn) on Y - volume on X - splits ECF and ICF - all fluid changes originate in ECF and may or may not affect ICF