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Physiology Block 5 > Introduction, Body Fluids, And Composition > Flashcards

Introduction, Body Fluids, And Composition Flashcards

1
Q

Passive transport

A

With gradient

Can be diffusion or facilitated diffusion

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2
Q

Active transport

A

Against gradient
Requires enzyme
-primary action
-secondary action

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3
Q

Movement of solutes from area of higher to lower concentration

A

Diffusion

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4
Q

What kind of movement is diffusion

A

Random

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5
Q

Speed of diffusion

A

Faster with temperature and concentration gradient

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6
Q

What can diffusion utilize?

A

Channel if non-permeant

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7
Q

Carrier proteins bind to and move non specific non-permeable solutes across membrane

A

Facilitated diffusion

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8
Q

What is the rate of diffusion equation

A

J=PA(Ca-Cb)

P=permeability (cm/sec)
A=surface area for diffusion
Ca-Cb=difference in concentration of two solutes (mmol/L)

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9
Q

Solution A and B are separated by 4cm^2 of membrane that is permeabel only to calcium. It’s permeability was measured at 2.76X10-5 cm/sec. the partition coefficient of calcium is 10^-8, as measured in an oil water mixture. The urea concentration of solution A is 10 mg/ml while solution B is 1 mg/ml. What is the initial diffusion rate of urea and in what direction will it move?

A

No movement will occur because it is only permeable to calcium

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10
Q

This type of transport requires energy (ATP), always moves a solute AGAINST its gradient, and name usually include ATPase, -porter, or exchanger

A

Active transport

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11
Q

What direction does active transport move things?

A

Can move one or more molecules in varying direction

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12
Q

Types of directional active transport

A
  • symport (cotransport)

- antiport/exchanger (countertransport)

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13
Q

Active transport that moves in the same direction

A

Symport (cotransport)

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14
Q

SGLT1 (Na+-glucose transporter 1)-moves Na+ and glucose into the cell in small intestine and kidney. This is an example of what kind of active transport

A

Symport (cotransport)

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15
Q

NCX (Na+-Ca+ exchanger)-moves Ca2+ out and Na+ into cell. Usually in excitable cells (retina). What kind of active transport is this?

A

Antiport/exchange (countertransport)

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16
Q

Primary active transport

A

ATP is used to directly move solutes

-pumps and ATPases usually

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17
Q

Secondary active transport

A

The gradient set up by primary transport is used to move solutes

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18
Q

Tertiary active transport

A

Uses cargo brough in by secondary to bring in another solute

19
Q

How does Digitalis (Na+/K+ ATPase inhibitor) increase the strength of cardiac contractions?

A

Lowers the Na+ concentration gradient, which lowers energy, which means calcium stays inside the cell

20
Q

What is maximum transport

A

If a form of transport utilizes a carrier protein that binds to the substrate it can become saturated.

21
Q

When does saturation occur?

A

When the concentration of a solute is greater than the number of available transporters can handle

22
Q

Maximal rate of transporter movement is called the what

A

Transporter maximum

23
Q

What is an example of transport maximum

A

Glucosuria in diabetes

24
Q

What kind of specificity do transport proteins have?

A

Stereospecificity

25
Q

What is an example of sterospecificity?

A

D-glucose is bound and transported, L-glucose is not bound or transported

26
Q

How do drugs uses the transporters stereospecificity to perform its action

A

Transporters also recognize closely related molecules. These compete for binding sites and can affect Tm.
-Farxiga blocks SGLT1 by occupying the binding site, reaches lower Tm at lower actual concentration

27
Q

Predict how the movement rate of sodium through a channel would change if the concentration gradient of sodium was increased by 100%

A

Rate would be doubled

28
Q

Predict how the movement rate of glucose would change if the concentration gradient of glucose was increased 100%

A

Insufficient data. Depends on initial concentration gradient

29
Q

Which of the following could exhibit a transport maximum?
A. Movement of sodium though Nav(voltage gated Na+ channel)
B. Movement of O2 into blood
C. Movement of potassium via Na-K ATPase
D. Movement of CO2 out of tissues

A

C. Movement of potassium view Na-K ATPase

30
Q

What is the movement of water

A

Osmosis

31
Q

How can water pass freely through most cell membranes?

A
  • channels called aquaporins
  • difference in concentration of solutes that cannot pass generates a pressure difference
  • this pushes water from area of low solute concentration to area of high solute concentration
  • positive correlation with temperature
32
Q

What is the pressure that stops movement in osmosis?

A

Osmotic pressure

33
Q

What is osmosis basically?

A

Diffusion of water

34
Q

What is the number of particles per molecule in a concentration?

A

Osmolarity (gC)

35
Q

What is the amount of dissolved stuff in body?

A

Osmolality

36
Q

Comparison of two fluids separated by a semi-permeable membrane, with respect to the bathing solution

A

Tonicity

37
Q

If the Inside of cell has more dissolved solutes, what ill water do and what is it called?

A

Water rushes in, cell bursts

-hypotonic (hyposmotic)

38
Q

Dissolved solutes are equal with no net water movement is called what

A

Isotonic (isosmotic)

39
Q

When there is less solute inside the cell than outside the cell, what does water do and what is it called?

A

Water rushes out, cell shrivels

-hypertonic (hyperosmotic)

40
Q

What does someone lose in their sweat?

A

Some water and NaCl

41
Q

How does sweating affect the Osm of ECF and ICF?

A

ICF Osm went up, ECF Osm went up

42
Q

Why would you give someone who had a heat stroke an IV with cold saline instead of cold water?

A

Cold water will make RBCs lyse

43
Q

Used to visualize how osmolality and volume changes

A

Darrow-Yannett diagrams

44
Q

Darrow-yannett diagram

A
  • used to visualize how osmolality and volume changes
  • osmolality (cxn) on Y
  • volume on X
  • splits ECF and ICF
  • all fluid changes originate in ECF and may or may not affect ICF

Physiology Block 5 (8 decks)

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