Introduction, Body Fluids And Cellular Physiology

Question 1

The study of normal function of the body nod how the body maintains those normal functions

Answer 1

Physiology

Question 2

How is physiology maintained?

Answer 2

Homeostasis

Question 3

How to change physiology

Answer 3

Pharamacology

Question 4

What happens when physiology does not work right

Answer 4

Pathology

Question 5

What are the control mechanisms for homeostasis

Answer 5

Positive and negative feedback systems

Question 6

Inputs change and produces error but outputs remain normal. Requires energy output

Answer 6

Homeostasis

Question 7

______ is how we sense and react to these changes

Answer 7

Feedback control

Question 8

Output reduces initial error

Answer 8

Negative

Question 9

What mechanism is generally good and very common?

Answer 9

Negative

Question 10

Output is the same as initial change

Answer 10

Positive

Question 11

What type of mechanism is rare and leads to an event, usually bad?

Answer 11

Positive

Question 12

What do feedback mechanisms regulate?

Answer 12

Health

Question 13

When do disease and pathology occur?

Answer 13

When errors exceed ability of control system to adjust

Question 14

Compensation is never complete as long as _______

Answer 14

Error signal exists

Question 15

Full compensation

Answer 15

Bodies best response. Normal function may no be restored

Question 16

As time progresses, _________________ breakdown or initiate changes that lead to pathology no disease

Answer 16

Compensatory mechanisms

Question 17

To return to health what must be identified, treated and stopped

Answer 17

Underlying error

Question 18

What is the normal potassium levels?

Answer 18

3.5-5.0 mEq/L

Question 19

What is potassium for?

Answer 19

Progressive change in electrical activity

Question 20

When too much C inhibits A, what type of feedback is it?

Answer 20

Negative

Question 21

Patient presents with abnormally high levels of B and C but low levels of A. What is the likely defect?

Answer 21

Tumor secretion of B

Question 22

What percentage of body weight is water

Answer 22

60%

Question 23

What are the body water compartments?

Answer 23

Intercellular fluid (2/3)
Extracellular fluid (1/3)

Question 24

Fluid inside all of the cells from the body

Answer 24

Intracellular fluid

Question 25

What is the intracellular fluid maintained by?

Answer 25

Cell membrane

Question 26

What allows all solutes to be dissolved in the same medium?

Answer 26

Intracellular fluid

Question 27

What allows metabolic reactions to occur

Answer 27

Intracellular fluid

Question 28

Fluid outside the cell

Answer 28

Extracellular fluid

Question 29

What are the two compartments of the extracellular fluid?

Answer 29

- interstitial fluid (around the cells) | - plasma (fluid portion of blood)

Question 30

How is the extracellular fluid split into its two compartments?

Answer 30

Capillary walls

Question 31

In which compartment would you expect the greatest volume change as a result of sweating?

Answer 31

ECF

Question 32

What is ICF mostly made of?

Answer 32

Potassium and proteins

Question 33

What is ECF mostly made of?

Answer 33

Sodium and chloride

Question 34

Number of ions in water (measurement)

Answer 34

mOsm - important when considering concentration gradient - if non-dissociable, then mMol=mOsm

Question 35

Charge of dissociated ions (measurements)

Answer 35

mEq | -important when considering electrochemical gradients

Question 36

What is the basis for communication dependent on between ICF and ECF?

Answer 36

Potassium gradient

Question 37

Proper absorption of nutrients is dependent on ________ gradient

Answer 37

Sodium

Question 38

Movement of muscles requires

Answer 38

calcium

Question 39

Compartment content is based on what

Answer 39

Membrane permeability

Question 40

Capillary membrane

Answer 40

- not selective - filters based on size - no proteins in interstitial fluid

Question 41

Selectivity of cell membrane

Answer 41

Very selective

Question 42

What can cross the cell membtane

Answer 42

Small nonpolar solutes can diffuse across - O2 - CO2 - ethanol - steroid hormones - water

Question 43

What are some ways things can get across the membrane? (That need help)

Answer 43

- Channels (hole in membrane for specific solutes to move along gradient) - transport proteins (large solutes with gradients, can also move solutes ageist cxn gradient)