Introduction, Body Fluids And Cellular Physiology Flashcards
The study of normal function of the body nod how the body maintains those normal functions
Physiology
How is physiology maintained?
Homeostasis
How to change physiology
Pharamacology
What happens when physiology does not work right
Pathology
What are the control mechanisms for homeostasis
Positive and negative feedback systems
Inputs change and produces error but outputs remain normal. Requires energy output
Homeostasis
______ is how we sense and react to these changes
Feedback control
Output reduces initial error
Negative
What mechanism is generally good and very common?
Negative
Output is the same as initial change
Positive
What type of mechanism is rare and leads to an event, usually bad?
Positive
What do feedback mechanisms regulate?
Health
When do disease and pathology occur?
When errors exceed ability of control system to adjust
Compensation is never complete as long as _______
Error signal exists
Full compensation
Bodies best response. Normal function may no be restored
As time progresses, _________________ breakdown or initiate changes that lead to pathology no disease
Compensatory mechanisms
To return to health what must be identified, treated and stopped
Underlying error
What is the normal potassium levels?
3.5-5.0 mEq/L
What is potassium for?
Progressive change in electrical activity
When too much C inhibits A, what type of feedback is it?
Negative
Patient presents with abnormally high levels of B and C but low levels of A. What is the likely defect?
Tumor secretion of B
What percentage of body weight is water
60%
What are the body water compartments?
Intercellular fluid (2/3) Extracellular fluid (1/3)
Fluid inside all of the cells from the body
Intracellular fluid
What is the intracellular fluid maintained by?
Cell membrane
What allows all solutes to be dissolved in the same medium?
Intracellular fluid
What allows metabolic reactions to occur
Intracellular fluid
Fluid outside the cell
Extracellular fluid
What are the two compartments of the extracellular fluid?
- interstitial fluid (around the cells)
- plasma (fluid portion of blood)
How is the extracellular fluid split into its two compartments?
Capillary walls
In which compartment would you expect the greatest volume change as a result of sweating?
ECF
What is ICF mostly made of?
Potassium and proteins
What is ECF mostly made of?
Sodium and chloride
Number of ions in water (measurement)
mOsm
- important when considering concentration gradient
- if non-dissociable, then mMol=mOsm
Charge of dissociated ions (measurements)
mEq
-important when considering electrochemical gradients
What is the basis for communication dependent on between ICF and ECF?
Potassium gradient
Proper absorption of nutrients is dependent on ________ gradient
Sodium
Movement of muscles requires
calcium
Compartment content is based on what
Membrane permeability
Capillary membrane
- not selective
- filters based on size
- no proteins in interstitial fluid
Selectivity of cell membrane
Very selective
What can cross the cell membtane
Small nonpolar solutes can diffuse across
- O2
- CO2
- ethanol
- steroid hormones
- water
What are some ways things can get across the membrane? (That need help)
- Channels (hole in membrane for specific solutes to move along gradient)
- transport proteins (large solutes with gradients, can also move solutes ageist cxn gradient)
