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Physiology > Synapses > Flashcards

Synapses Flashcards

1
Q

What are synapses

A

Connection between two neurons or a neuron and another cell that is specialized for the transfer of information

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2
Q

How can synapses be classified

A

Based on function
- electrical vs chemical

Based on location

  • Axodendritic
  • axosomatic
  • axoaxonic
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3
Q

Synaptic activity causes ___ potentials in the postsynaptic cell

A

Graded

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4
Q

A depolarizing synaptic potential is called an ____

A

an excitatory postsynaptic potential

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5
Q

A hyperpolarizing synaptic potential is called

A

An inhibitory postsynaptic potential

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6
Q

The grand sum of EPSP and IPSP at the axon hillock will determine what

A

If the threshold potential is exceeded and an action potential is stimulated

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7
Q

What are electrical synapses

A

Electrical information passes directly between two cells carried by the movement of ions

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8
Q

Explain electrical synapses

A

Usually bidirectional

Depolarization or hyperpolarization

Fast

Small molecules can travel through GAP junctions

Allows cells to fire AP synchronously

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9
Q

Cells with gap junctions are said to be connected by what

A

Cytoplasm

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10
Q

What are chemical synapses

A

Specialized form of exocytosis

Release of neurotransmitter from presynaptic cells to influence electrical activity in postsynaptic cell

Neurons communicate with each other and post synaptic targets (muscles glands)

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11
Q

The electrical signal from one neuron is converted to a ___ signal to cross a synaptic cleft then it is often converted back to an electrical signal

A

Chemical signal

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12
Q

What are the classic types of neurotransmitters

A

Acetylcholine

Amines (norepinephrine dopamine histamine serotonin)

Amino acids (glutamate, GABA)

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13
Q

What are the novel neurotransmitters

A

Peptides (oxytocin and melanocortin)

Purines (ATP)

Gases (NO)

Lipids (eicosanoids)

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14
Q

What is the general mechanism of synapses

A

AP travels down axon and depolarization opens voltage gated Ca channels

Ca channels enter presynaptic terminals

Ca entry causes synaptic vesicles to fuse with presynaptic membrane and release their neurotransmitter contents into the synaptic cleft

Neurotransmitter binds to receptors

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15
Q

When neurotransmitters bind to postsynaptic receptors the response depends on what

A

The type of receptor

Some are ion channels

Some are GPCR

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16
Q

What is the synaptic delay

A

The time taken to diffuse across and cause postsynaptic response (2ms)

17
Q

The neurotransmitter is removed from the cleft and

A

Destroyed in the synaptic cleft by a degradative enzyme or

Transported back into the terminal by active transport recycled and repackaged

Dishes away from synapse

Taken up into postsynaptic cell by endocytosis

18
Q

Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter where

A

At a cholinergic synapse

19
Q

Acetylcholine is used by

A

Motor neurons to cause excitation of skeletal muscles

Used in every pathway of the autonomic nervous system

Used throughout the central nervous system as a neuromodulator

20
Q

What are two main kinds of receptors for ACh

A

Receptor channels (NICOTINIC RECEPTOR) (fast=EPSP)

GPCR (MUSCARINIC RECEPTOR
Slow=ESPS)

21
Q

Binding of ACh to receptor channels causes

A

Opening of channels

Entry of Na and exit of k

22
Q

(EPSP) movement of + charge into cell causes what

A

Depolarization

23
Q

Binding of ACh to GPCR causes

A

Generation of second messengers
Activation of kinase
Phosphorylation of proteins (can open or close gates depending)

24
Q

The slow EPSP ACh means a common effect is

A

Closure of k leak channels

25
Q

Norepinephrine is called a

A

Noradrenergic synapse

26
Q

Norepinephrine is used when

A

Throughout the CNS and by sympathetic branch of ANS

27
Q

Norepinephrine use what type of receptor

A

GPCR

28
Q

Glutamate is called a

A

Glutamatergic synapse

29
Q

What is glutamate used for

A

Main excitatory transmitter through the CNS

30
Q

What are the two types of receptors glutamate uses

A 
Receptor channels (ionotropic)
-AMPA -NMDA -kinate

GPCR (metabotrophic glutamate)

31
Q

NMDA allows for ___ and __ to enter

A

Na AND ca

Physiology (15 decks)

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