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Physiology > Biomolecules > Flashcards

Biomolecules Flashcards

1
Q

What are the essential molecules for life

A

Carbs
Nucleotides and nucleic acids
Lipids
Proteins

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2
Q

Define an organic molecule

A

Contains carbon

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3
Q

Definition of a biomolecule

A

Organic molecule that is commonly associated with life

Carbs
Lipids
nucleic acids
Proteins

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4
Q

What is the formula for carbs

A

CnH2nOn

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5
Q

What’s the glucose formula

A

C6H12O6

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6
Q

Describe carbs

A

Hydrophilic
Abundant
Used for structure and energy
Almost all eukaryotic cells use glucose for energy
Plants use carbs as structural
Proteins and lipids are modified by the addition of carbs

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7
Q

What are some monosaccharides

A 
Simple sugars
Ribose 
Fructose 
Galactose
Glucose
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8
Q

What are disaccharides

A

Consists of glucose and another monosaccharides

Sucrose
Maltose
Lactose

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9
Q

What are polysaccharide

A

Glucose polymers
Store glucose in the form of polysaccharide

Glycogen
Chitin
Cellulose
Starch

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10
Q

What are nucleotides

A

Consist of one or more phosphate group a 5 carbon sugar and a 3 carbon nitrogen ring called a nitrogenous base

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11
Q

Nitrogenous bases

A

The structure of the nitrogenous base determines whether the nucleotide is

Adenosine
Cytosine
Guanosine
Thymidine

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12
Q

What is adenosine triphosphate

A

Basic molecule of energy storage in most organisms including mammals

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13
Q

What important signalling molecule is within cells

A 
Cyclic AMP (cAMP)
Adenosine monophosphate

Cyclic GMP (cGMP)

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14
Q

What is adenosine

A

A neurotransmitter

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15
Q

An energy source in many physiological chemical reactions

A

Guanosine triphosphate

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16
Q

What do lipids contain

Are they hydrophobic or Phillic

A

Generally hydrophobic molecules

Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen few oxygen atoms nitrogen phosphorus

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17
Q

What are different types of lipids

A 
Fatty acids 
Glycerides
Phospholipids and sphingoloipds
Steroids
Eicosanoids
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18
Q

What are the roles of lipids

A

Structure of cells

  • waterproof so keeps insides in outsides out
  • pliable

Energy source

Communication (within cells and between cells)

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19
Q

Saturated fatty acids

A

No double bonds

Solid

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20
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids

A

Double bonds

Liquid

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21
Q

Glycerides

A

Mono glycerides
One glycerol and one fatty acid

Diglyceride
One glycerol and two fatty acids

Triglyceride
One glycerol and three fatty acids

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22
Q

Phospholipids

A

One glycerol and two fatty acids

Plus a phosphate and variable R group

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23
Q

Phospholipids are _____ molecules which means

A

Amphipathic

Molecules have polar heads (hydrophilic) and nonpolar tails (hydrophobic)
R group is polar group

24
Q

Phospholipid bilateral forms a __

A

Sheet

25
Q

Droplets of phospholipids

A

Micelles

26
Q

Liposomes have a ____ centre

A

Aqueous

27
Q

What are sphingolipids

A

A sphingosine
Fatty acid
Phosphate
Variable

28
Q

What are glycophospholipid

A

A phospholipid plus a carbohydrate

29
Q

What are steroids

A

Consists of three six carbon rings plus one five carbon ring (17 carbons)

30
Q

What roles do steroids play

A

Communication and cell structure

Different functional groups (R groups) confer different function

31
Q

What are eicosanoids

A

Main chain consists of 20 carbon atoms

Derived from the fatty acid arachadonic acid

32
Q

Main function of eicosanoids

A

Communication within cells and between cells

33
Q

What are proteins

A

Macromolecules
Chains of amino acids

20 amino acids encoded by the universal genetic code

34
Q

Amino acids

A

22 amino acids
2 are additional and may be incorporated

9 are essential and need to consume
11 are non essential and we can synthesize them

Acidic basic polar non polar

35
Q

A short chain of amino acids are called

A

A peptide

36
Q

Longer chains of amino acids are called

A

Proteins

37
Q

What are the 4 structures of proteins

A 
Primary structure(line)
Secondary structure(helix sheets)
Tertiary structure(ribbon)
Quaternary structure (fibrous globular)
38
Q

Genome

A

The sequence of amino acids that is encoded

39
Q

Proteins are ___ of cells

A

Molecular tools

40
Q

Insoluble protein

Soluble protein

A

Fibrous

Globular

41
Q

How many categories of soluble proteins are there

A

7

42
Q

What are the 7 soluble proteins

A 
Enzymes 
Membrane transporters
Signal molecules
Receptors
Binding proteins 
Regulatory proteins
Immunoglobulins
43
Q

In order for a protein to do something it must do what

A

Interact with or bind to other proteins molecules or ions

44
Q

A molecule that binds to a protein binding site is called a __

A

Ligand

45
Q

What are endogenous Ligands

A

Something natural in your body

Ie) a hormone or neurotransmitter

46
Q

Example of non endogenous

A

A drug or toxin

47
Q

Define affinity

A

High affinity means it binds strongly

Weak affinity means weak binding

48
Q

A protein binds a ligand with ___

A

Affinity

49
Q

Define an agonist

A

A ligand that binds to a protein binding site and alters the state of the protein resulting in a biological response

A hormone or neurotransmitter or a drug for example

50
Q

Define an antagonist

A

A ligand that reduces the action of an agonist

Binds but causes no biological response

51
Q

What is an allosteric antagonist

A

Act to block the agonist by binding to the protein away from the binding site and inactivate the binding site

Also called inhibitor or blocker

52
Q

What is the rate of protein activity

A

Has a measurable rate

Often depends on amount of protein and concentration of ligand

Has a maximum rate (saturation)

53
Q

How does amount of Protein (concentration) change the rate of activity

A

Reaction rate depends on the amount of protein

The more protein the fast the reaction rate is
The more workers the more work done

54
Q

How does amount of ligand change the reaction rate

A

The amount of binding protein is held constant

the reaction rate depends on the amount of ligand up to the saturation point

Like an elevator only room for so many people

55
Q

Rate of protein binding and activity can be modulated by

A

Isoforms (closely related proteins)

Activation

Physical factors (ph temp)

Modulation

56
Q

What is modulation that alter protein binding

A

Covalent modification

  • phosphorylation and dephosphorylation
  • addition of lipid or carbohydrate

Agonists and antagonists

57
Q

Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation can modulate rates of protein activity by

A

Enzymes called kinases covalently add phosphates

Phosphatases remove them

Phosphorylation may cause activation or inhibition

Physiology (15 decks)

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