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NSCI 6112: Neuroscience > Synapse II > Flashcards

Synapse II Flashcards

1
Q

What is the major excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain?

A

GlutaMATE

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2
Q

What is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter of the brain?

A

GABA

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3
Q

Most projection neurons such as long axons and linking brain areas release what as a neurotransmitter?

A

GlutaMATE

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4
Q

Most interneurons such as short axons, local circuit, axons within the brain area, release what as a neurotransmitter?

A

GABA

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5
Q

Both GlutaMATE and GABA are synthesized from ____ by enzymes within the _______

A

amino acids; axon terminal

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6
Q

Both GlutaMATE and GABA are actively transported into _______

A

synaptic vesicles

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7
Q

Both GlutaMATE and GABA activate ____ and ____ receptors that are selective for each transmitter

A

ionotropic; metabotropic

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8
Q

After release, both GlutaMATE and GABA are actively transported ____ of the synaptic cleft to terminate the action

A

out

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9
Q

Pyramidal neurons make up ___% of cortical neurons while Interneurons make up ___% of cortical neurons.

A

80%; 20%

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10
Q

Pyramidal neurons use which neurotransmitter?

A

glutaMATE

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11
Q

Interneurons use which neurotransmitter?

A

GABA

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12
Q

Specific transporters pump glutaMATE and GABA into ______. After release, specific transporters then pump them out of the synaptic cleft in order to ____ the action.

A

vesicles; terminate

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13
Q

Where are GlutaMATE and GABA also transported into?

A

Glia

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14
Q

Glia are converted to ____ which is then transported back into the neurons and converted back into what?

A

glutaMINE; glutaMATE

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15
Q

GABA is synthesized from glutaMATE in one extra step by which enzyme?

A

GAD (glutamic acid decarboxylase)

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16
Q

What are the 2 main subtypes of ionotropic glutaMATE receptors?

A

AMPA and NMDA

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17
Q

Both AMPA and NMDA are present at the same ______ synapses and are nonselective ____ channels

A

glutamatergic; cation

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18
Q

AMPA receptor:

  1. Bind of glutaMATE ____ the channel
  2. Na+ flows ___ the postsynaptic neuron (down electrochemical gradient)
  3. K+ flows ___ and has a ____ drive on ion; ___ current
  4. Postsynaptic neuron __-polarizes
  5. _PSP
A
  1. opens
  2. into
  3. in; weaker; less
  4. depolarizes
  5. EPSP
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19
Q

NMDA receptor:

  1. Ion channel pore of NMDA receptors is ____ by ____ ions at rest
  2. If the __-synaptic neuron fires, and the ___-synaptic neuron is at resting membrane potential, glutaMATE opens NMDAR but __ current flows thru channel
  3. If the __-synaptic neuron is depolarized, and the ___-synaptic neuron fires, NMDAR opens and __ ions are expelled from the pore
  4. __ ions flow through NMDAR into the __-synaptic neuron
  5. Calcium activates enzymes that lead to insertion of more ____ receptors in synapse
  6. Synapse becomes ____, which causes a larger _PSP associated with synaptic plasticity/learning
A
  1. blocked; Mg2+
  2. pre-; post-; NO
  3. post-; pre-; Mg2+
  4. calcium; post-
  5. AMPA
  6. Stronger
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20
Q

What is excitotoxicity? What is its clinical application?

A

Pathologically high neurotransmitter levels which leads to excess stimulation of receptors

Stroke

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21
Q

During stroke, what rises (extracellular) rapidly due to hypoxia-ischemia (blocked blood flow to cells/organs)?

A

glutaMATE

22
Q

Over-activation of what results in excessive influx of calcium ions to a level that activates enzymes to trigger cell death?

A

NMDAR

23
Q

Blocking NMDAR lessens neuronal death in ___ stroke, but not ____ potentially due to incorrect dosage or insufficient early timing post-stroke

A

animal; human

24
Q

NMDAR antagonists mimic the clinical symptoms of which mental disorder?

A

Schizophrenia

25
Q

In Schizophrenia, it’s been recently studied that there seems to be a link with the disorder and mutations involving genes that play a role in ____ synaptic function

A

NMDAR

26
Q

MGluRs are considered to be ____tropic receptors

A

metatropic

27
Q

MGluRs have many ____

A

subtypes

28
Q

MGluRs are located at synapses on dendrites, cell bodies and on __synaptic terminals

A

pre

29
Q

MGluRs modulate the activity of ion channels and other proteins influencing the electrical ____ of neurons

A

excitability

30
Q

MGluRs can exert excitatory OR inhibitory effects on ___synaptic neurons

A

post

31
Q

GABA is considered to be a ____tropic receptor

A

ionotropic

32
Q

With GABA, there is a high concentration of ___ outside the neuron and a ___ mV charge inside to counteract it

A

Cl- ; -70

33
Q

Binding of GABA to GABA-A receptor ___ Cl- selective ion channels

A

opens

34
Q

Equilibrium potential for Cl- is ___mV. Resting membrane potential is close to that at about ___mV, which means the drive on Cl- is ___ at resting potential.

A

-70; -65; weak

35
Q

If Cl- channels are OPEN, and other excitatory synapses start to DEPOLARIZE the neuron, Cl- ions will do what? What is this called?

A

Move into the neuron and hold its membrane near -70mV

Shunting inhibition which prevents the neuron from being excited

36
Q

GABA-B is considered to be a ___tropic receptor

A

metatropic

37
Q

GABA-B ___neuronal excitability because it ___ the K+ channels

A

inhibits; opens

38
Q

GABA-B ___ neurotransmitter release by closing the voltage-gated ___ channels

A

inhibits; calcium

39
Q

Seizures reflect insufficient inhibition of what?

A

GABAergic local circuits

40
Q

Excessive synchronization of cortical neurons results when there is not a sufficient amount of _____ / loss of ____/ increased _____ levels, which can cause seizures

A

GABA-A binding; GABA neurons; glutaMATE

41
Q

Prolonged, untreated seizure activity leads to additional damage to ____ networks (excitotoxicity)

A

cortical

42
Q

Anxiety disorder and panic disorder is associate with reduction in which receptor binding?

A

GABA-A (and general reduced GABA levels)

43
Q

GABA drugs are most commonly used for purposes such as anti-___, ___-lytic, and adjunctive use for situations involving ______

A
  1. Anti-seizure
  2. Anxiolytic
  3. Anesthesia
44
Q

Normal release of GABA is required in _____ receptor positive allosteric modulators, as they enhance already existing GABA and its actions

A

GABA-A

45
Q

Barbiturates such as phenobarbital, pentobarbital and thiopental ___ the duration of Cl-ion channel opening of ____ receptors in response to GABA.

A

increase; GABA-A

46
Q

What are the risks of Barbiturates?

A

Severe risk of respiratory, cardiovascular and CNS depression. Severe risk of dependence.

47
Q

Benzodiazepines such as diazepam (valium), lorazepam and midazolam ____ the frequency of Cl-ion channel opening of ____ receptors in response to GABA.

A

increase; GABA-A

48
Q

Nearly all neurons receive both _____ and ____ synaptic input

A

excitatory; inhibitory

49
Q

EPSPs and IPSPs sum in the dendritic tree and cell body to determine whether the ___synaptic neuron will fire an action potential

A

post

50
Q

The action of an EPSP or IPSP depends on the _____ it binds to and activates

A

receptor

NSCI 6112: Neuroscience (10 decks)

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