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NSCI 6112: Neuroscience > Neurodevelopment Part I > Flashcards

Neurodevelopment Part I Flashcards

1
Q

When a fertilized egg undergoes cleavage as it is transported down the oviduct, it becomes what?

A

a blastocyst

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2
Q

A blastocyst implants in the uterine wall how many days after fertilization?

A

7 days

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3
Q

What is the layer of blastocyst called that becomes the embryo?

A

epiblast

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4
Q

The bilaminar disk is formed on what day?

A

day 13

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5
Q

What are the 3 germ layers of the bilaminar disk?

A
  1. Ectoderm
  2. Mesoderm
  3. Endoderm
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6
Q

Epiblast invagination occurs on day 13, which eventually forms the ____ on day 14.

A

primitive streak

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7
Q

The primitive streak gives rise to the _____ on day 14

A

primitive node

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8
Q

The hypoblast is replaced by _____ or lower layers on day 15

A

endoderm

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9
Q

The epiblast differentiates into _____ on day 15

A

ectoderm

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10
Q

On day 15, some epiblast cells differentiate into ____

A

mesoderm

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11
Q

On day 16, cells invaginate from the primitive node to form the what?

A

notochordal process

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12
Q

What structure is a tube of cells which eventually becomes a rod of cells?

A

notochordal process –> notochord

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13
Q

Neurulation is induction of the neural ____

A

plate

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14
Q

________ are signaling molecules secreted by neighboring cells. Some are ____, and some are attached to the cell surface. They bind to surface receptors on neighboring cells and activation of these receptors trigger the expression of _____ that code for intracellular proteins

A

inductive factors
diffusible
genes

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15
Q

What are the 3 intracellular proteins that can be coded by inductive factors in gene expression?

A
  1. Transcription factors
  2. Enzyme
  3. Cytoskeletal proteins
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16
Q

The _____ of a cell determines how it responds to inductive factors

A

competence

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17
Q

What differentiates into either the neural plate or epidermal cells?

A

ectoderm

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18
Q

What secretes BMP (bone morphogenetic protein)?

A

ectodermal cells

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19
Q

BMP prevents ____ from differentiating into neural cells

A

ectoderm

20
Q

Induction of the neural plate occurs when a patch of nearby cells (“organizer region”) begins to secrete what?

A

BMP

21
Q

Ectodermal cells close enough to the _____ to be exposed to BMP inhibitors differentiate into _____

A

organizer region

neural cells

22
Q

BMP = ____dermal

A

epidermal

23
Q

If BMP signaling is blocked, this causes ectodermal cells to differentiate into what?

A

neurons

24
Q

What is the default fate for ectoderm?

A

neural phenotype

25
Q

Intact + nothing = ____
Intact + BMP inhibitors = ____
Dissociated + nothing = ____
Dissociated + BMPs = ____

A

epidermal
neural
neural
epidermal

26
Q

Transplanting a SECOND organizer produces what?

A

nearly complete second embryo

27
Q

Anterior-posterior patterning begins in neural plate before formation of what?

A

the neural tube

28
Q

A/p patterning depends on regional secretion of what inductive factor near the posterior end of the neural plate, and its inhibitors near the anterior end?

A

Wnt

Wnt inhibitors

29
Q

The resulting Wnt concentration gradient causes anterior and posterior cells in the neural plate to express different what?

A

transcription factors

30
Q

The different transcription factors regulate distinct sets of ____, leading to the differentiation of what 3 structures in the brain?

A

genes; forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain

31
Q

Neural development is a chain reaction of inductive events turning _____ on and off in a precisely controlled ____ and ____ pattern

A

genes; spatial and temporal

32
Q

Once the neural plate is induced, what forms down the midline?

A

the neural groove

33
Q

The edges of the neural groove rise and fuse to form what?

A

the neural tube

34
Q

Closure of the neural tube starts in the middle and proceeds to the anterior and posterior ends. Failure of neural tube closure can lead to what?

A

Neural tube defects

e.g., Spina Bifida, Anencephaly, Encephalocele

35
Q

What structure is derived from the lateral margins of the neural tube?

A

the neural crest

36
Q

When the neural tube fuses, the neural crest cells ____ and _____

A

internalize; migrate

37
Q

Neural crest cells are precursors giving rise to the ____ and ____ (like Schwann cells) of the PNS, as well as the ____

A

neurons; glia

meninges

38
Q

Neural Crest Derivatives Mnemonic: ACE PreSCHOOL

A = 
C =
E =
P =
S =
CH =
O =
...O..=
L =
A

Aortic arch
Connective/skeletal tissue of pharyngeal arches
Enterochromaffin cells of intestines

PNS
Schwann Cells
CHromaffin cells of adrenal medulla
Odontoblasts
melanOcytes
Leptomeninges
39
Q

What process converts a bilaminar structure consisting of epiblast and hypoblast into a 3-layer structure?

A

gastrulation

40
Q

Changes in cell position, morphology and function are coordinated during development by what?

A

inductive factors and receptors

41
Q

The competence of cells controls what?

A

how they respond to inductive factors

42
Q

Induction of the neural plate is controlled by what? (2)

A

BMP and BMP inhibitors

43
Q

What is the formation and closure of the neural tube called?

A

Neurulation

44
Q

Anterior-posterior patterning of the neural tube involves induction of different transcription factors by ____ gradients

A

Wnt

45
Q

The neural crest forms during ____ and gives rise to the neurons and glia of the ___ nervous system

A

neurulation; PNS

NSCI 6112: Neuroscience (10 decks)

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