Lab 2: Brain Basics & Cerebrovasculature Flashcards
What are the lobes of the brain? (5)
- Frontal
- Parietal
- Occipital
- Temporal
- Insula
What is the largest structure of the brain?
the cerebrum
What is the outer gray matter layer of the brain?
the cortex
The cerebrum is comprised of all structures rostral (anterior) to the ______, forming the majority of the brain
diencephalon
Cortex + subcortical structures = _____
cerebrum
What are the folds of the brain called?
gyri and sulci
What do the gyri and sulci do?
provide increased surface area for the cortex
Sulci “___” and gyri “___” (hills and valleys reference)
sink; giant
Which fissure essentially divides the brain in half?
Longitudinal
The _______ extends deep into the longitudinal fissure and helps provide structural support for the ___ venous sinuses of the region
falx cerebri
dural
The lateral sulcus is also known as the ______
sylvian fissure
This fissure is the groove between what looks like the thumb and the fingers of a boxing glove
lateral sulcus/sylvian fissure
The rolandic fissure is also known as _____
central sulcus
The central sulcus is just ____ to the sylvian fissure
anterior
Which sulcus can only be viewed medially?
parieto-occipital sulcus
The posterior-most continuous sulcus that extends superiorly is known as the _____
parieto-occipital sulcus
The pre-central gyrus is the primary ____ cortex, while the post-central gyrus is the primary ____ cortex
motor; somatosensory
Which gyrus is critical for planning and executing voluntary movements?
pre-central gyrus
Lower extremity innervation is mapped to more ____ portions of the gyrus while upper extremity and facial innervation is located more _____
medially; laterally
Which gyrus is a part of the parietal lobe?
post-central gyrus
Involving both the pre-central and post-central gyri, this gyrus is best viewed medially
paracentral lobule
The _______ contains lower extremity mapping for both pre and postcentral gyri
paracentral lobule
What is the function of the cingulate gyrus?
hint: single girls have to work on what?
emotional processing and behavioral regulation
What are the functions of the frontal lobe?
(hint: the frontal lobe is where ______ occurs. Use “front door” as your mnemonic. Put the front door on your forehead and put Einstein (a ____) behind the door.)
- executive functioning
- social cognition
- language (expressive)
- motor planning
(complex thinking; complex thinker)
What are the functions of the parietal lobe?
(hint: Use a “piranha” fish as your mnemonic. The piranha bites you on the top of the head (where the parietal lobe is located). That’s a _____ the parietal lobe would process.)
somatosensory processing (touch, taste, proprioception) and spatial awareness
(sensation)
What are the functions of the temporal lobe?
hint: temporal lobe helps you process ____, imagery of a drummer, a metronome (tempo) and musical notes
Language (receptive), auditory, memory
sound
What are the functions of the occipital lobe?
vision
What are the functions of the insula?
hint: you need to insulate yourself from the cold
homeostasis, self-awareness, emotion
Where is the insula located?
deep within the lateral sulcus (sylvian)
White matter tracts (axons) serve as what?
highways and connections bw various parts of the brain
What is the largest white matter tract of the brain?
corpus callosum
What is the function of the corpus callosum?
white matter tract connecting right and left cerebral hemisphere
What are the 4 parts of the corpus callosum?
- Rostrum
- Genu
- Body
- Splenium
What is the function of the anterior commissure?
white matter tracts connecting R and L temporal lobes
What is the function of the posterior commissure?
white matter tract involved in brainstem-mediated visual reflexes
What are the 6 large vessels of the circle of willis?
- MCA - middle cerebral
- ACA - anterior cerebral
- ICA - internal carotid
- PCA - posterior cerebral
- BA - basil artery
- VA - vertebral arteries
What are the 8 small vessels of the circle of willis?
- ACOM - anterior communicating
- LA - lenticulostriate arteries
- PCOM - posterior communicating
- TP - thalamic perforators
- SCA - superior cerebellar artery
- AICA - anterior inferior cerebellar artery
- PICA - posterior inferior cerebellar artery
- PP - pontine perforators
What vessel provides circulation to major anterior vessels (ACA and MCA)?
internal carotids
The ____ is the major supplier of blood to the entire anterior circulation
ICA (internal carotids)
What vessel provides circulation to the LATERAL motor and somatosensory cortices, temporal lobe (Wernicke area) and frontal lobe (Broca area)?
MCA (middle cerebral artery)
Which vessel feeds much of the lateral cortices which includes the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes?
MCA (middle cerebral artery)
Which vessel provides circulation to the MEDIAL motor and somatosensory cortices?
ACA (anterior cerebral artery)
The ___ provides blood to the anterior and medial cortices of the brain
ACA (anterior cerebral artery)
Which vessel provides circulation to major posterior vessels and caudal brainstem and cerebellum?
Vertebral Artery
Which vessel climbs along the vertebral column of the brainstem and is the major suppliers of the posterior circulation?
Vertebral Artery
Which vessel provides circulation to the cerebellum and brainstem?
Basilar Artery
The two vertebral arteries converge and become the ______ artery (moving anteriorly)
basilar
Which vessel provides circulation to the posterior and inferior cortices (e.g., occipital lobe)?
PCA - posterior cerebral artery
Towards the top of the brainstem, the basilar artery bifurcates into the two _____ arteries
PCA - posterior cerebral arteries
The ___ delivers blood to posterior and inferior parts of the cortex that makes up large portion of the occipital lobe
PCA - posterior cerebral arteries
Which vessel provides circulation to the internal capsule and basal ganglia?
the LA - lenticulostriate arteries
In the anterior circulation, the ______ arise from the MCA . They are best visualized in the a coronal section.
the LA - lenticulostriate arteries
Which vessels helps establish collateral circulation? (2)
ACOM - anterior communicating artery
PCOM - posterior communicating artery
The ____ helps establish collateral circulation between L and R which helps maintain blood flow in instances
ACOM - anterior communicating artery
Which arteries connect the posterior cerebral arteries to the internal carotid arteries and thus form a bridge between anterior and posterior circulation?
PCOM
Which two vessels, taken together, help to form the Circle of Willis and providing collateral circulation to the L hemisphere and R hemisphere?
ACOM and PCOM
What structure helps connect anterior and posterior circulation of the brain?
Circle of Willis
Which vessels provide circulation to the thalamus?
Thalamic Perforators
Branching off the PCAs are the _____ which dive deep and give blood to the thalamus
Thalamic Perforators
Which vessel provides circulation to the superior cerebellum?
SCA - superior cerebellar artery
Which vessels provide circulation to parts of the cerebellum and the brainstem? (2)
AICA - anterior inferior cerebellar artery
PICA - posterior inferior cerebellar artery
Which vessel provides circulation to the Pons?
PP - Pontine Perforators
Which vessel extends off the basilar artery deep into the pons?
PP - Pontine Perforators
