symptomatology in urology

Question 1

what are the GENERAL sx in urology

Answer 1

1. Fever
2. Weight loss
3. Changes in other organs/ systems e.g. urosepsis and uremia

Question 2

general sx in urology

fever characteristivs

Answer 2

• Fever from a surgical pov may occur with or without chills

causes

• clinical manifestation of UTI especially complicated UTI’s
• obstruction.
  
  • Obstruction of the upper urinary tract causes fever and stasis of urine.
  • combo of obstruction and UTI is life threatening as it can cause UROSEPSIS
• Acute pyelonephritis/Obstructive acute pyelonephritis can cause fever.
• Some malignancies can manifest with fever e.g. renal cell carcinoma
• Fever is a component of paraneoplastic syndromes + advanced malignant tumours.
• The absence of fever d_oesn’t rule out the presence of infection_ e.g. in cases such as chronic pyelonephritis, inflammatory diseases of the urinary bladder e.g. cystitis.

Question 3

Obstruction of which part of the urinary tract causes fever and stasis of urine.

why is obstruction and UTI a lifethreatening condition

Answer 3

UPPER urinary tract

UTI + obs = predisposition for UROSEPSIS

Question 4

which malignancies cause fever

Answer 4

renal cell carcinoma and paraneoplastic syndromes

Question 5

examples infection in urology without fever

Answer 5

cystits

chronic pyelonephritis

Question 6

when is the general sx of weight loss seen in urology

Answer 6

advanced stages of malignant tumours either locally advanced or metastatic

Question 7

changes in other organ systems relate to which two sx

Answer 7

Urosepsis and uremia!

Uremia = elevated urea in blood

• indicates chronic renal failure (CRF) •
  
  • CRF is a result of slow decline of renal function •
  • Cardinal sign for CRF is
    
    1. elevated urea
    2. elevated creatinine
    3. elevated uric acid
  • CRF can be caused by Poly cystic kidney disease
    
    • a congenital anomaly to the kidney structure
• From surgical it means urological point of view NOT INTERNAL med??
• in clinical practice it’s important to analyse patients general status. the Assessment is made by international accepted scale such as ECOG performance status, others are karnofsky performance status. The most commonly used is ECOG.

Question 8

in clinical practice it’s important to analyse patients general status. which are the two internationally accepted scales

Answer 8

1. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status
2. karnofsky performance status.

The most commonly used is ECOG.

Question 9

Cardinal sign for CRF is

Answer 9

1. elevated urea
2. elevated creatinine
3. elevated uric acid

CRF can be caused by

• Poly cystic kidney = func
• horseshoe = mech