Symptomatic +supportive care small animals Flashcards
Managing seizures
Causes severe metabolic side effects of uncontrolled seizures
-diazepam, general anesthesia (propofol)
Managing animals with tremors
Give methocarbamol or acepromazine
Animal is agitated or hyperexcitable
What to sedate animal, give acepromazine or butorphanol
If animal is hypoglycemic
Give IV dextrose (min dilution of 50%
If animal has cerebral edema
Mannitol or hypertonic saline + furosemide +colloids
Monitoring Central nervous system signs
Monitor:
-mentation
-blood gas for acid/base abnormalities
-blood glucose
-evidence of aspiration
-signs of increasing intracranial pressure
How to support blood pressure?
-fluids
-positives ionotropes
-vasoconstrictors
Animal with blood loss
-if anemic= whole blood
-if not anemic= can give pRBCs, FFP, FP
What to do if animal has arrhythmias?
-beta blockers
Acid base and electrolyte abnormalites
Hyperkalemia: give regular insulin withe dextrose
Hypercalcemia: give bisphosphonates
Monitoring cardiovascular and respiratory
Monitor:
-HR/RR
-oxygenation (pulse oximetry)
-ventilation )PaCO2)
-ECG
-Blood pressure
-PCV/TP/erythrogram
-electrolytes and acid/base status
What to do if vomiting?
-anti-emetics
-fluids
-specific electrolytes
What to do if diarrhea?
-fluids
-specific electrolytes
What are possible gastroprotectants?
-metoclopramide
-sucralfate
-omeprazole
How would you monitor dehydration or loss of absorptive function?
-PCV/TP
-CBC/Chem/ UA
What methods could be down if liver concerns?
-hepatoprotectans (not proven, but many antioxidants and might help)
-dietary changes
-dextrose
-vit K
-fluids
-lactulose
-If ascites, give fluids with colloids and diuretics
-monitor chem panel for liver enzymes, mentation, MM/plasma colour
Potential methods for kidney concerns
-fluids= diuresis
-blood pressure support
-dialysis
-dietary change
-no nephroprotectants
Clinical pathology uses for kidney monitoring
-Chem panel for indicators of GRF (urea, creatinine, electrolytes)
-urinalysis for concentrating ability (USG); presence of abnormal urine findings, urine output
Monitoring temperature
Hyperthermia= from excessive seizures/muscle tremors and can lead to DIC
Hypothermia= bair hugger, blankets
General nursing care for patients
-bladder management
-nutritional support
-rotating patient
-catheter care
-handling/environment that minimizes stress and fear
-TLC
Intravenous lipid emulsion (IVLE)
Developed to treat lidocaine overdose in humans. Will grab lipophilic drugs which prevents absorption of drugs from blood
**need to monitor patient for lipemia
What are some common lipophilic drugs?
-ivermectin
-baclofen
-lidocaine
-marijuana
Side effects of intravenous lipid emulsion
-fat overload syndrome= high administration rates; excessive volume
-fat embolism
-hyperlipidemia
-pancreatitis
-contamination of lipid solution
Cholestyramine
-anti lipemic bile acid sequestrant powder that is mixed with water or canned food
-used for lipophilic poisons with a high degree of enterohepatic circulation (Vit D3, Microcystin, NSAIDs)
-Decontaminates by combining with bile acids in intestines to form complex excreted in feces
Contraindications of cholestyramine
-pregnant/lactating animals
-biliary obstruction
What negative effects can cholestyramine result in?
-interferes with absorption of fat soluble vitamins
-interferes with absorption of oral medications
-patients with kidney problems, hypovolemia
