Rodenticides: Anticoagulants

Question 1

First generation anticoagulant rodenticides

Answer 1

-warfarin
-diphacinone
-chlorophacinone

**multiplre ingestions needed

Question 2

Second generation anticoagulant rodenticides

Answer 2

*Superwarfarins
-brodifacoum
-bromadiolone
-difethialine
-difenacoum

Question 3

Why were 2nd generation anticoagulant rodenticides created?

Answer 3

Developed because of warfarin resistant rodents
-one ingestion can kill
-longer half-life

Question 4

Mechanism of anticoagulant rodenticides

Answer 4

Defect in secondary hemostasis
-inhibition of vit K= depletion and inability to synthesize clotting factors (1972)
-Factor 7 is first to be depleted= prolonged PT

Question 5

What enzyme is directly targeted by anticoagulant rodenticides?

Answer 5

Vit K epoxide reductase (VKOR)

Question 6

Determining potential lethal dose

Answer 6

Know calculation

Question 7

Onset of anticoagulant rodenticides

Answer 7

-dealyed by 3-5days post ingestion

Question 8

Clinical signs of anticoagulants

Answer 8

-anorexia
-lethargy
-exercise intolerance
-weakness
-Pale MM
-dyspnea, tachycardia
-petechiae that can become ecchymoses, hematomas
-bleeding into body cavity (brain, anterior chamber, thorax, abdomen/GIT, joints)
*thorax most common

Question 9

Management for anticoagulant rodenticides when asymptomatic

Answer 9

1. Decontamination (emesis, A/C)
2. Bloodwork (PCV/TP, PT/PTT)
3. Antidote: Vit K1 with a fatty meal

Question 10

Option 1 management for anticoagulant rodenticides if asymptomatic

Answer 10

Vit K1 treatment
-Duration=21-28days for SGARS
-Check PT 48-72 hrs after last done

Question 11

Phytonadione

Answer 11

-treatment option in capsules for anticoagulant rodenticides

Question 12

Option 2 management for anticoagulant rodenticides

Answer 12

Used when you are unsure if animal was exposed
-Baseline PT= recheck 48-72 hrs
-Normal after 72= no treatment
-if prolonged PT= Vit K1 treatment

Question 13

Treatment for symptomatic anticoagulant rodenticide

Answer 13

-no decontamination
-stabilize patients hemorrhage and anemia through plasma
(whole blood- cross match, autotransfusion, O2, chest tap, abdominocentesis, cage rest)

Question 14

What do to with symptomatic patients once stabilized?

Answer 14

Give antidote for 28days
-imaging depending on location of bleeding
-fluids, O2
-bloodwork= PCV/TP, PT/PTT (every 6-12hrs until normal)

Question 15

Diagnosis of toxicity from anticoagulant rodenticides

Answer 15

-history
-clinical cigns
-prolonged PT/PTT (PT= factor 7, PTT= Factors 2, 10)
-blood and liver testing by pathologist (LC/MS)

Question 16

Differential diagnoses for anticoagulant rodenticides

Answer 16

-severe liver failure
-DIC
-vit K deficiency
-trauma
-inherited coagulopathy
-thrombocytopenia/thrombocytopathia