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1. Theme 3 > SYMPOSIUM: Sudden cardiac death > Flashcards

SYMPOSIUM: Sudden cardiac death Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of sudden cardiac death?

A

The unexpected death with acute onset in a person with known or unknown cardiac disease

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2
Q

What causes inverted spikes on an ECG?

A

When the electrode is on the opposite side to the direction of electrical flow through the heart

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3
Q

What mechanism stops ectopic beats in the heart?

A

A refractory period

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4
Q

What is it called when ectopic beats crush into each other and cause chaos?

A

Ventricular fibrillation

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5
Q

What is the most common cause of sudden cardiac death?

A

Ischaemic heart disease

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6
Q

How does scar tissue enable ectopic beats?

A

It provides many features for re-entry of currents

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7
Q

What causes hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A

An autosomal dominant mutation of cardiac muscle sarcomere genes. Its the most common of sudden cardiac death in young athletes

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8
Q

What is asymmetrical septal hypertrophy?

A

Thickening of the septum. Can become obstructive

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9
Q

What is systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve?

A

An increase in ventricular contractile force, due to hypertrophy, pulls the mitral valve out of position when the heart contracts so the whole structure moves forward to meet the septum

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10
Q

When is syncope normal and when is it worrying when it comes to heart disease?

A

Syncope after exercise is normal because it’s due to a drop in blood pressure. When syncope occurs during exercise, it’s worrying

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11
Q

What causes greater spikes on an ECG?

A

Greater contractile force

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12
Q

What is arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy?

A

A multi-genetic disease that causes replacement of right ventricular myocardium with fibro-fatty tissue which interrupts the normal conduction within the heart

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13
Q

What is an epsilon wave on an ECG?

A

It shows as a dip in the T wave and indicates arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy

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14
Q

What is primary arrhythmia characterised by?

A

Structurally normal heart and no ischaemia. It includes syndromes like Long QT, wolff-parkinson-white, Brugada

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15
Q

How does Long QT syndrome present on an ECG?

A

When the T wave is far away from the QRS but everything else is regular

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16
Q

How does Atrial fibrillation present on an ECG?

A

Missing/unidentifiable P waves. Its irregularly irregular

17
Q

What is Wolff-Parkinson-White and how does it present on an ECG?

A

There’s an extra electrical connection between the atria and ventricle in the heart. It presents as a dip in beginning of a QRS segment (a delta wave)

18
Q

What is Brugada syndrome and how does it present on an ECG?

A

A genetic disorder affecting fat-type Na+ channel causing an irregular heartbeat. It shows up as a negative T wave on an ECG

19
Q

What is QTc and what is it used for?

A

It’s a corrected QT interval used because patients have different heart beats so this allows us to compare to see if the QT is prolonged

20
Q

Where is a trans venous ICD placed

A

Under the skin between the muscles and subcutaneous tissue on the left side of the chest. Uses the venous system to access the heart

21
Q

What does ICD stand for?

A

Implantable cardiovascular defibrillator

22
Q

How does an ICD work to stop arrhythmia?

A

It produces a huge amount of electricity to pass through the left ventricle to stun the heart and produce a refractory period

23
Q

What is the difference between and S-ICD and a transvenous ICD?

A

S-ICD doesn’t go into the chest cavity. It works in a similar way to the sticky pads used in emergencies

24
Q

Which vein is used with a tranvenous ICD?

A

The left subclavian which connects to the superior vena cava

25
Q

What is the problem with removing a transvenous ICD?

A

Removing it disrupts the scar tissue formed around the lead so its not used on younger patients

26
Q

Why does a transvenous ICD need to be replaced?

A

The leads used are soft so that they don’t cause damage to the heart tissue but this makes them prone to wear and tear

27
Q

What is the drug Amiodarone used for?

A

It’s an anti-arrhythmic drug

1. Theme 3 (19 decks)

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