Symond - Sport & Society Flashcards
Identify the characteristics of popular recreation
- Limited transport so was played locally
- Uneducated/illiterate people meant rules were simple
- Violent which represented society at this time
- Occasionally played due to long working hours
- Class divisions due to the two-tier society
Things to compare between mob football and real tennis…
Rules? Nature of the game? Violent? Respectable? Played where? When played? Who played it?
Impact of socio-cultural factor: Urbanisation
> Caused more purpose -built facilities to be developed due to higher demand to watch new sports (e.g. rugby and football).
Loss of traditional sports as newer sports became more popular.
Caused working hours to be reduced so workers had more free time to watch/play sport
Impact of socio-cultural factor: Public Provisions
> Facilities for the masses to participate in sport (e.g. public baths) which improved hygiene of working class. >Swimming emerged as a sport
Impact of socio-cultural factor: Communications
> Improved transport (e.g. trains) meant teams could travel further to play against one another
Spectators could travel to watch due to cheap train fairs and easy access to the countryside
Increased media coverage and fixtures published in newspapers (as people became more literate) so spectators could follow their teams. Created role models to emerge
Impact of socio-cultural factor: the Middle Class
> As factory workers: increased leisure time
Codification: strict rules introduced
Clubs/national leagues were set up
Development of facilities via churches
Invented new sports via universities
Promoted professionalism in sport and high morals
Impact of socio-cultural factor: Church
> Introduced church groups (e.g. YMCA)…
WHY? to hopefully increase attendance at church
Developed purpose-built facilities…
WHY? to promote ‘moral’ and keep social control
Organised competitions and teams…
WHY? to promote Christian values
Why did National Governing Bodies emerge (NGB’s)?
TCCCP
T = Teams were being formed which NGB's wanted to support C = Codification provided rules which NGB's and to promote and enforce across the country C = Competition increased due to more national fixtures which needed organising by NGB's C = Class Divisions were kept secure by upper/middle classes using NGB's P = Popularity was increasing of sport causing structure and control to become essential to ensure success
Characteristics of Lawn Tennis?
- Played by middle class and had NGB’s
- Had ‘set rules’ which were highly structured
- Played on courts with officials judging
- Highly skilled and involved strategies and tactics
- Played for extrinsic rewards
Restrictions for women in sport post-industrial Britain?
- ‘Too aggressive’
- Traditional role of a woman was to ‘stay at home’
- believed sport and a negative impact on fertility
- Women were restricted by clothing they had to wear
What was amateurism?
Playing sport for ‘the love of it’
Give some examples of the features of amateurism
Appreciating value of health and fitness
Respect for referee’s
‘all-rounder’ - played more than one sport
Upper class dominated
Lots of free time so played regularly
Could afford to play ‘for the love of it’ - wealthy
What was Professionalism?
Emphasis on playing sport to win and gain payments
Give some examples of the features of professionalism
Working classes
Hold down a job while playing
Limited time to participate due to long working hours
Specialised to a single sport
Develop skills/fitness
‘financial compensation’
Low levels of morality/aggressive/gamesmanship which increased entertainment for spectators and fans
What factors led athletics being pressured into allowing professionals to compete as the 20th progressed?
- Shamteurism - receiving money illegally anyway
- Athletics had become a mass spectator sport and purpose-built facilities were built due to high demand
- Trust funds enabled lower classes to compete
- Wagering was taking place in athletics already
Relationship between sport, sponsorship and the media
Golden Triangle
The provision of funds ,money or support towards an athlete by a company for a commercial return
Sponsorship
Characteristics of ‘commercial sport’
- Wide media coverage and interest in high profile sports which are usually visually appealing
- Sponsorship and businesses opportunities
- Athletes as well-known role models
- Contracts and mass-entertainment
Benefits/impacts of ‘commercial sport’ to performers
Likely to come up
+Receive high incomes for sport participation as they are paid for successful results.
+ High quality training and specialist equipment is usually provided
- Athletes can be put under pressure if injured and must specialise in one sport only.
- They are also controlled by sponsors and the ‘win at all costs’ pressure form sponsors can cause gamesmanship.
- Lack of privacy, become entertainers
Benefits for companies to invest money into sport?
- Tax relief so amount of tax paid decreases
- Increased advertising causes increased sales/profit
- Value added to brand as there is increased brand awareness if sponsoring high level athletes
- Creates an association with ‘healthy living’
Factors responsible for the advancement of opportunities for women in sport
- Recognition in society for greater equality
- Increase in leisure time
- Influence in the school PE programme
- More socially acceptable
- Increased media coverage/positive role models
An organised group of people associated for some specific purpose or with a shred common interest
Society
Occurs during early years of childhood - immediate family
Primary Socialisation
Occurs during later years - teachers, peers, the media
Secondary Socialisation
A lifelong process where a person learns the norms and values in order to take their place in society
Socialisation
A form of social interaction raking place between individuals and groups
Social processes
Treating people fairly and giving everyone the same chance
Equal opportunities
The unfair treatment of a person or minority group
Discrimination
To form an unfavourable opinion on an individual, often based on inadequate facts
Prejudice
Making simple generalisations about all members of one particular group
Stereotyping
A process whereby individuals may be pushed away from/into certain sports based on assumptions made about them
Channelling
Give examples of ‘Target groups’
Women, disabled people, ethnic minorities
An alteration in the social order f society
Social change
A concept which refers to the way in which peoples thoughts and feelings are regulated in social systems
Social control
When society is divided into groups/levels based on social characteristics such as power or wealth
Social stratification
What is Social action theory?
The view that sport is essential in society as it can impact society culturally.
HOW?
- By highlighting inequalities
- By impacting on our beliefs about race/sex
-By targeting social problems (unemployment)
- By impacting our ideas about disability and ability
Barriers for people with disabilities
- Lack of specialist coaches
- Lack of access to facilities
- Lack of specialist equipment
- Funding is low and costs are high to take part
- Impact of stereotypes
- Lack of role models or media coverage
- Lack of organised programmes
Barriers for minority groups
- Racial stereotypes
- Conflict with religion/cultural beliefs
- Non-supportive families
- Fewer role models
- Fear of rejection
- Low socio-economic status
Barriers for women
- Negative stereotypes/myths
- Less media coverage and fewer role models
- Fewer sponsorship opportunities
- Lack of income/limited leisure time
- Channelling of women
- Negative impact from school PE programmes
- Lack of fitness/low self-confidence
Identify five characteristics of sport
Sponsorship Strict rules Tactics Strategies Rewards Commitment Competition
Physical health benefits of exercise?
> Increases cardio-vascular fitness to reduce the risk of a heart attack
Increases joint flexibility to reduce the risk of arthritis
Increases bone density to reduce risk of osteoporosis
Social health benefits of exercise?
> Improve communication skills
Make friends
Increase confidence
Benefits to society of exercise?
> Increases social control/ lower crime rates
Less strain on the NHS as people are healthier
Improvement in social cohesion
Describe how participation in sport/physical activity can be increased among individuals from lower-socio-economic groups in society
- Make activities more affordable/cheaper
- Introduce community groups
- Host activity days locally to reduce cost of transport
- Encourage participation at school level
How can schools improve participation rates of girls?
- Provide extra-curricular activities that are ‘girls only’
- In PE lessons try new sports (e.g. rugby, football)
- Advertise local clubs in the area that girls can join
- Making clothing more comfortable
- Greater variety of girl sport teams
What is a Whole Sport Plan produced by NGB’s?
A business plan submitted by Sport England outlining each NGB’s strategy to grow participation and enhance talent
What are the characteristics of a Whole Sport Plan?
AIM TO:
- Increase participation
- Increase number of clubs
- Increase trained coaches
- Develop schemes to more people involved in sport
What are CSPs and what are their main aims?
CSP = County Sport Partnership (local partners) which aim to increase the number of adults in sport and provide local schemes
Give an example of a local scheme that County Sport Partnerships deliver?
Sportivate
County School Games
London 2012 legacy
Give three example of National partners of Sport England ?
- English Federation of Disability Sport (EFDS)
- Sporting Equals
- Women In Sport
