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Phonetics > Syllables and Intonation > Flashcards

Syllables and Intonation Flashcards

1
Q

What is a syllable?

A

The fundamental units of structure in speech

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2
Q

What can cluster reduction in client data indicate?

A

Immature syllable structure

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3
Q

What are the airflow and sound characteristics of syllables?

A
  • The STARTS and ENDS of syllables have more obstruction to airflow and are usually quieter than the centre
  • The CENTRE of a syllable has little obstruction of airflow (usually a vowel)
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4
Q

What is the typical structure of a syllable?

A

CVC

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5
Q

What is a minimum syllable?

A

A single vowel

E.G: ‘are’, /ɑ:/

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6
Q

What is onset in a syllable?

A

A sound preceding the centre

E.G: ‘me’ /mi:/

(m = the onset)

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7
Q

What is coda in a syllable?

A

A sound after the centre

E.G: ‘egg’ /eg/

(g = coda)

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8
Q

What is a maximum syllable?

A

A syllable which has an onset, a centre and coda

E.G: ‘horse’ /hɔ:s/

(h = onset / s = coda)

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9
Q

What does it mean if a sound is described as sonorous?

A

It is the loudest sound relative to other sounds with the same stress and duration

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10
Q

What sounds are more sonorous and why?

A

Vowels

  • They have little obstruction to airflow
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11
Q

Why are consonants less sonorous? And where do they typically occur?

A

Because they are created by a greater constriction to airflow

They usually occur at syllable margins

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12
Q

What are the two constituents of syllables?

A

Onset and rhyme

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13
Q

What are the two possible branches of rhyme?

A
  1. Nucleus
  2. Coda
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14
Q

What is the English syllable template?

A

C03 V C04

Up to 3 consonants in onset position

Vowel = mandatory

Up to 4 consonants in coda position

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15
Q

What is a cluster?

A

A group of consonants which belong to a single syllable

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16
Q

What is an ambisyllabic consonant?

A

A consonant which is the final consonant in the coda of one syllable AND the initial consonant of the onset of the following syllable

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17
Q

What is meant by the term phonotactic constraints?

A

The restrictions on the permissible combinations of phonemes

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18
Q

Name two phonotactic constraints in syllable initial position.

A
  1. /ŋ/ is not allowed
  2. /ʒ/ is restricted to foreign borrowing

(E.G: soup du jour)

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19
Q

In an /-s/ cluster (e.g. /-sp/) what is the /-s/ known as?

A

The pre-initial consonant

(The /-p/ is known as the initial consonant)

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20
Q

In clusters, what are the phonemes l, r, w, j known as?

E.G. plate, grin

A

The post-initial consonant

(The first consonant is the initial consonant)

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21
Q

What must C3 agree in with C2 in three-consonant clusters?

A

Voicing

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22
Q

What are the three elements of prosody?

A
  • Intonation
  • Stress
  • Rhythm
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23
Q

What is intonation?

A

The study of melody or variations in pitch

24
Q

What can accented syllables do?

A
  • Jump UP in pitch
  • Jump DOWN in pitch
  • Initiate pitch movement
25
Q

How is the nucleus of a word group identified?

A

It is the last accented syllable of the word group.

It can also initiate one set of pitch movement (nuclear tones)

26
Q

What are the four constituents of a word group?

A
  1. Pre-head
  2. Head
  3. Nucleus
  4. Tail
27
Q

What are the characteristics of the tail of a word group?

A
  • Any syllable(s) following the nucleus
  • May contain rhythmic stress but no accents
28
Q

What are the characteristics of the head of a word group?

A
  • Begins on the first accented syllable of a word group
  • Extends as far as the nucleus
  • May include a mix of stressed, accented and unstressed syllables
29
Q

What are the characteristics of the pre-head of a word group?

A
  • Any unstressed syllables at the beginning of the word group
30
Q

What is a nuclear tone?

A

Pitch movement which starts on the nucleus

31
Q

How can nuclear tones be classified?

A
  • FALLS: end on low pitch
  • RISES: end above speaker’s baseline
  • LEVELS: sustained of pitch level
32
Q

Name all the complex tones.

A
  • High Fall
  • Low Fall
  • Rise-Fall
  • High Rise
  • Low Rise
  • Fall-Rise
33
Q

What is the symbol for a level tone?

A

>

34
Q

What is a low level tail?

A

The tail of a word group which follows a falling tone

35
Q

What is the symbol for a low fall?

A

</sub>low fall

36
Q

What is the symbol for a high fall?

A

</sup>high fall

37
Q

What is the symbol for a low rise?

A

/low rise

38
Q

What is the symbol for a high rise?

A

/high rise

39
Q

What is the symbol for a fall-rise?

A

Vfall-rise

40
Q

What is the symbol for a rise-fall?

A

^rise-fall

41
Q

What is a tone language?

A

Where a different pitch pattern changes the meaning of the word

42
Q

What is an intonation language?

A

Where pitch does not change the meaning of a word

43
Q

What is the pragmatic role of intonation?

A

Shapes the semantics of an utterance in context

44
Q

Intonation highlights…

A

…certain parts of an utterance at the expense of others

45
Q

What is tonality?

A

The way an utterance is divided into word groups

46
Q

What is tonicity?

A

Where pitch-prominence accents are placed

47
Q

What is tone?

A

The pitch pattern

48
Q

What are rising and level tones often associated with?

A

Continuity of an utterance

49
Q

What are falling tones often associated with?

A

Completeness / finishing of an utterance

50
Q

How can a fall in tone be interpreted by a listener?

A

As a turn-taking cue

51
Q

What type of information does a falling tone normally convey?

A

New information

52
Q

To what type of information does a fall-rise tone usually refer?

A

Shared information

53
Q

What can a speaker’s choice of tone convey to the listener?

A
  • Confidence in their answer to a question
  • Feelings and attitudes
  • Whether they are asking, telling, commanding or requesting
54
Q

What does the use of a wide pitch range usually convey?

A

Engagement, excitement, enthusiasm

55
Q

What does the use of a narrow pitch range usually convey?

A

Disengagement, boredom or lack of enthusiasm

56
Q

How is a new topic usually marked by pitch?

A

By expanding the pitch range upwards

Phonetics (5 decks)

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