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Phonetics > Prosody, Stress and Connected Speech Processes > Flashcards

Prosody, Stress and Connected Speech Processes Flashcards

1
Q

What is prosody?

A

The features that affect the syllable, the foot and larger domains

  • Stress
  • Rhythm
  • Lexical tone
  • Intonation
  • Voice quality
  • Pitch variation
  • Duration
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2
Q

What is another term for prosody?

A

Suprasegmental

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3
Q

What component of speech does stress apply to?

A

The syllable

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4
Q

What effect does stress have on a syllable?

A

Makes it more prominant

  • Louder
  • Longer
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5
Q

What are the two types of stress?

A
  1. Lexical (word stress)
  2. Rhythmic (connected speech)
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6
Q

What symbol do you use to mark the position of stress?

A

ˈɪnsaɪt

ɪnˈsaɪt

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7
Q

In polysyllabic words, what are the two types of stress that will occur?

A
  1. Primary (more prominent)
  2. Secondary (less prominent)

E.G - ˈin di vis a ˌbil i ty

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8
Q

What symbol is used to mark secondary stress?

A

ˌ

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9
Q

What does contrastive stress often help differentiate between?

A

Grammatical categories

(e. g noun - verb pairs)
- ˈimport (noun)
- imˈport (verb)

Noun compounds and phrases

  • ˈblackbird
  • ˈblack ˈbird
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10
Q

Which category of words are more likely to be stressed?

A

Content words

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11
Q

What role do stressed syllables play?

A
  1. Acts as ‘beats’ in the rhythm
  2. Indicate the stress group (foot)
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12
Q

What is the definition of a ‘foot’ in stress?

A

A unit of rhythm

  • Begins with a stressed syllable which is followed by 0 or more stressed syllables
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13
Q

What is rhythmic clipping?

A

Where the presence of other syllables in the same rhymic unit (foot) causes a vowel to be shortened in relation to a vowel where the syllable is not accompanied by other syllables in the same foot

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14
Q

What do stressed syllables have to contain?

A

A strong vowel

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15
Q

What other 3 properties can stressed syllables also contain?

A
  1. Greater loudness
  2. Longer duration
  3. Pitch prominence
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16
Q

How are stressed syllables with pitch prominence described?

A

Accented

17
Q

What happens to the vowel quality of function words?

A

The vowels are reduced (weakened)

18
Q

How can weak / unstressed forms be modified in connected speech?

A
  • Liaison
  • Assimilation
  • Elision
19
Q

Are connected speech processes phonemic or allophonic?

A

Phonemic

20
Q

What is elision?

A

The deletion of a segment

21
Q

Name the common types of elision.

A
  • /h/
  • alveolar plosives - /t/, /d/
  • vowels - commonly - /ə/
22
Q

What are the conditions required for /h/ elision?

A
  1. when it is in an UNSTRESSED position
  2. when it does NOT occur in phrase initial position
  3. when it is in a CONTENT word
23
Q

What are the conditions for alveolar plosive elision?

A
  1. If the alveolar plosive is syllable final AND has at least 1 consonant either side

(C1C2#C3)

C1 and C2 have to occur before a word or syllable boundary and C3 has to occur after

  1. If C1 and C2 agree in voicing
  2. If C3 is any consonant other than /h/
24
Q

When is the elision of vowels common?

A

In connected speech



25
Q

What is assimilation?

A

A co-articulatory process involving modifications of:

  • voice
  • place
  • manner
  • Where modified segments take on characteristics of a different phoneme
26
Q

What is liaision?

A

The addition of a segment between words (connected speech) or between morphemes (word-internal)

27
Q

What is a rhotic accent?

A

An accent other than Standard Southern British English (SSBE)

28
Q

What are the characteristices of contrastive auditory properties?

A
  1. cause differences in meaning
  2. their occurance are not context-dependent

E.G: [b], [m], and [l]

29
Q

What are the characteristics of non-contrastive auditory properties?

A
  1. do not result in a change in meaning
  2. their occurance is context-dependent

E.G: [l], [ɫ], and [l̥]

30
Q

How is a PHONETIC transcription written?

A
  • in [xx]
  • lots of detail (diacritics)
  • closer to the actual realisation

[st=æ̃n̯θɔʔthɒm̃w̃ʊdnɘ̃ʊwɒtɘduː]

Stan thought Tom would know what to do

31
Q

How is a PHONEMIC transcription written?

A
  • in /xx/
  • include word boundaries
  • include stress markers

/’st=æ̃n̯ θɔtː \tɒm wʊd ‘nɘʊ wɒt tɘ ‘duː/

Stan thought Tom would know what to do

32
Q

What test can be conducted to determine whether a sound is a phoneme or an allophone?

A

Minimal pairs

33
Q

What is meant by the contrastive distribution of sounds?

A

When sounds occur in the same position and result in a difference in meaning

bæd / mæd

34
Q

What is meant by the complementary distribution of sounds?

A

When sounds do not occur in the same position (typically allophones)

faɪɫ / pl̥eɪ

35
Q

What is meant by the non-contrastive distribution of sounds?

A

When phonetically different sounds occur in a particular position without changing meaning

  • Usually syllable final

kæʔ vs. kæt

Phonetics (5 decks)

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