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Phonetics > Prosody, Stress and Connected Speech Processes > Flashcards

Prosody, Stress and Connected Speech Processes Flashcards

1
Q

What is prosody?

A

The features that affect the syllable, the foot and larger domains

  • Stress
  • Rhythm
  • Lexical tone
  • Intonation
  • Voice quality
  • Pitch variation
  • Duration
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2
Q

What is another term for prosody?

A

Suprasegmental

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3
Q

What component of speech does stress apply to?

A

The syllable

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4
Q

What effect does stress have on a syllable?

A

Makes it more prominant

  • Louder
  • Longer
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5
Q

What are the two types of stress?

A
  1. Lexical (word stress)
  2. Rhythmic (connected speech)
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6
Q

What symbol do you use to mark the position of stress?

A

ˈɪnsaɪt

ɪnˈsaɪt

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7
Q

In polysyllabic words, what are the two types of stress that will occur?

A
  1. Primary (more prominent)
  2. Secondary (less prominent)

E.G - ˈin di vis a ˌbil i ty

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8
Q

What symbol is used to mark secondary stress?

A

ˌ

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9
Q

What does contrastive stress often help differentiate between?

A

Grammatical categories

(e. g noun - verb pairs)
- ˈimport (noun)
- imˈport (verb)

Noun compounds and phrases

  • ˈblackbird
  • ˈblack ˈbird
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10
Q

Which category of words are more likely to be stressed?

A

Content words

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11
Q

What role do stressed syllables play?

A
  1. Acts as ‘beats’ in the rhythm
  2. Indicate the stress group (foot)
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12
Q

What is the definition of a ‘foot’ in stress?

A

A unit of rhythm

  • Begins with a stressed syllable which is followed by 0 or more stressed syllables
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13
Q

What is rhythmic clipping?

A

Where the presence of other syllables in the same rhymic unit (foot) causes a vowel to be shortened in relation to a vowel where the syllable is not accompanied by other syllables in the same foot

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14
Q

What do stressed syllables have to contain?

A

A strong vowel

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15
Q

What other 3 properties can stressed syllables also contain?

A
  1. Greater loudness
  2. Longer duration
  3. Pitch prominence
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16
Q

How are stressed syllables with pitch prominence described?

17
Q

What happens to the vowel quality of function words?

A

The vowels are reduced (weakened)

18
Q

How can weak / unstressed forms be modified in connected speech?

A
  • Liaison
  • Assimilation
  • Elision
19
Q

Are connected speech processes phonemic or allophonic?

20
Q

What is elision?

A

The deletion of a segment

21
Q

Name the common types of elision.

A
  • /h/
  • alveolar plosives - /t/, /d/
  • vowels - commonly - /ə/
22
Q

What are the conditions required for /h/ elision?

A
  1. when it is in an UNSTRESSED position
  2. when it does NOT occur in phrase initial position
  3. when it is in a CONTENT word
23
Q

What are the conditions for alveolar plosive elision?

A
  1. If the alveolar plosive is syllable final AND has at least 1 consonant either side

(C1C2#C3)

C1 and C2 have to occur before a word or syllable boundary and C3 has to occur after

  1. If C1 and C2 agree in voicing
  2. If C3 is any consonant other than /h/
24
Q

When is the elision of vowels common?

A

In connected speech



25
What is assimilation?
A co-articulatory process involving modifications of: - voice - place - manner - Where modified segments take on characteristics of a different phoneme
26
What is liaision?
The addition of a segment between words (connected speech) or between morphemes (word-internal)
27
What is a rhotic accent?
An accent other than Standard Southern British English (SSBE)
28
What are the characteristices of contrastive auditory properties?
1. cause differences in meaning 2. their occurance are not context-dependent E.G: [b], [m], and [l]
29
What are the characteristics of non-contrastive auditory properties?
1. do not result in a change in meaning 2. their occurance is context-dependent E.G: [l], [ɫ], and [l̥]
30
How is a PHONETIC transcription written?
- in [xx] - lots of detail (diacritics) - closer to the actual realisation [st=æ̃n̯θɔʔthɒm̃w̃ʊdnɘ̃ʊwɒtɘduː] Stan thought Tom would know what to do
31
How is a PHONEMIC transcription written?
- in /xx/ - include word boundaries - include stress markers /’st=æ̃n̯ θɔtː \tɒm wʊd ‘nɘʊ wɒt tɘ ‘duː/ Stan thought Tom would know what to do
32
What test can be conducted to determine whether a sound is a phoneme or an allophone?
Minimal pairs
33
What is meant by the contrastive distribution of sounds?
When sounds occur in the same position and result in a difference in meaning bæd / mæd
34
What is meant by the complementary distribution of sounds?
When sounds do not occur in the same position (typically allophones) faɪɫ / pl̥eɪ
35
What is meant by the non-contrastive distribution of sounds?
When phonetically different sounds occur in a particular position without changing meaning - Usually syllable final kæʔ vs. kæt

Phonetics (5 decks)

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