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Phonetics > Consonants and Vowels > Flashcards

Consonants and Vowels Flashcards

1
Q

What is phonetics?

A

Phonetics deals with the production of speech sounds

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2
Q

What is phonology?

A

Phonology focuses on the patterns of sounds

(e.g. different patterns of sounds in different languages or within each language, different patterns of sounds in different syntactic and word positions)

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3
Q

What are the phonological properties of a consonant?

A

Sounds that occur singly or in clusters at the margins of syllables (CVC)

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4
Q

What are the phonetic properties of a consonant?

A

Sounds that are produced with an obstruction of the vocal tract

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5
Q

What is a phoneme?

A

The smallest segment of speech that forms a contrastive unit within a specific language (e.g pat vs bat)

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6
Q

In what three ways are speech sounds classified? And how are these classifications defined?

A
  1. Voice (whether the vocal folds vibrate or not)
  2. Place (the place of greatest constriction in the vocal tract - typically named after the passive articulators)
  3. Manner (how the airflow is constricted)
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7
Q

How are consonants produced?

A
  1. By modifying the airstream coming from the lungs
  2. Most consonants involve the constriction of the airflow by articulators
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8
Q

What is the diacritic for voiceless sounds?

A

m̥

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9
Q

Name and describe the two types of articulators.

A

Active: the articulators that move in speech production (tongue tip, lower lip)

Passive: the articulators that cannot move (hard palate, teeth)

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10
Q

Produce and provide the symbols for all plosives.

A

p, b, t, k, d, g, ʔ, c, ɟ, q, ɢ

http://www.ipachart.com/

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11
Q

Produce and provide the symbols for all nasals.

A

m, ɱ, n, ɳ, ŋ, ɲ, ɴ

http://www.ipachart.com/

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12
Q

Produce and provide the symbols for all trills.

A

ʙ, ɾ, ʀ

http://www.ipachart.com/

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13
Q

Produce and provide the symbols for all taps or flaps.

A

R, ɽ

http://www.ipachart.com/

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14
Q

Produce and provide the symbols for all fricatives.

A

ɸ, β, f, v, θ, ð, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, ʂ, ʐ, ç, ʝ, x, ɣ, χ, ʁ, ħ, ʕ, h, ɦ

http://www.ipachart.com/

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15
Q

Produce and provide the symbols for all lateral fricatives.

A

ɬ, ɮ http://www.ipachart.com/

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16
Q

Produce and provide the symbols for all approximants.

A

ʋ, ɹ, ɻ, j, ɰ

http://www.ipachart.com/

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17
Q

Produce and provide the symbols for all lateral approximants.

A

l, ɭ, ʎ, ʟ

http://www.ipachart.com/

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18
Q

What is multiple or double articulation?

A

When there are two simultaneous places of articulation with both constrictions being of equal strength

19
Q

What are primary and secondary articulations?

A

Primary articulation: where greater constriction occurs

Secondary articulation: where lesser constriction occurs

20
Q

What are the two major manner classes?

A
  1. Obstruents
  2. Sonorants
21
Q

What is a sonorant?

A

A sonorant is when there is no significant build-up of air pressure due to a relatively uninterrupted flow of air through the nose or mouth

22
Q

What is an obstruent?

A

An obstruent is when there is a build up of pressure inside the oral cavity

23
Q

What is included in the coronal consonant class and how is this defined?

A

Coronals include: dentals, alveolars, post-alveolars and retroflexes

Coronals share the tongue tip as the active articulator

24
Q

What is included in the labial consonant class and how is this defined?

A

Labials include: bilabials and labio-dentals

Labials share the lip(s) as the active articulators

25
Q

What is included in the dorsal consonant class and how is this defined?

A

Dorsals include: palatals, velars and uvulars Dorsals share the body of the tongue as the active articulator

26
Q

What is a sibilant? And what can these sounds also be described as?

A

A constriction of the airstream that results in a high frequency hiss - s, ʃ, z, ʒ

Also described as grooved fricatives - the tongue surface forms a groove running from front to back

27
Q

What is a slit / flat fricative and how is this defined?

A

When the tongue surface is relatively flat so that the air exits through a wide, slit-like aperture - f, v, θ, ð

28
Q

How are the articulators positioned for vowels?

A

Far enough apart so there is no impedance in airflow.

29
Q

Where do vowels usually occur?

A

Usually occur in the core of the syllable (CVC) (can occur on their own and preceding a consonant)

30
Q

Are vowels sonorants or obstruents?

A

Sonorants

31
Q

Finish the sentence: Vowels can be…

A

Short or long, oral or nasal

32
Q

How are nasal vowels represented?

A

ẽ

33
Q

What is the source of vowel sounds?

A

The vibration of the vocal folds

34
Q

List the filters for the production of vowels.

A
  • Articulators in throat
  • Nasal cavity
  • Oral cavity
35
Q

Approximately how many vowel sounds does English have?

A

19

36
Q

Why can’t we use the same classification system for consonants and vowels?

A
  1. All vowels are sonorants so there is no voiced/voiceless distinction
  2. All vowels are produced in the same manner and there is no place of constriction
  3. Vowels are produced in the palatal-velar region as opposed to the entire vocal tract
37
Q

Which articulators are used to shorten the three cavities of the vocal tract?

A

The velum, the jaw, the lips and the tongue

38
Q

What three parameters for defining vowels?

A
  1. Vowel height (Close (high) - close-mid - mid - open-mid - open (low)
    - the closeness of the highest part of the body of the tongue to the roof of the mouth
  2. Backness (Front - Central - Back)
    - whether the highest part of the tongue is towards the front - palatal region - or back - velar region
  3. Lip rounding (Rounded - Unrounded)
    - whether the lips are rounded or unrounded
39
Q

What are cardinal vowels and how are they used?

A

Cardinal vowels are language-independent and can be used as reference points

40
Q

What are the 8 primary cardinal vowels?

A
41
Q

What are the 8 secondary cardinal vowels?

A
42
Q

What is a monopthong?

A

A weak vowel

43
Q

What is a dipthong?

A

A movement from one vowel quality to another

  • The first part is much longer and stronger
  • As the glide happens, the loudness decreases
44
Q

How are diphthongs classified?

A

Closing and centering

Phonetics (5 decks)

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