Sounds In Context Flashcards
What is a phoneme?
Individual vowel and consonants
What is an allophone?
A variation in the production of a phoneme
What three elements affect the phonetic context?
- The sounds immediately before / after
- The sound’s position in the structure of the syllable
- The degree of stress on the syllable
What is perseverative coarticulation?
L > R coarticulation
First segment affects the following segment
What is anticipatory coarticulation?
R > L coarticulation
Right segment affects the segment before
What is both coarticulation?
R <> L coarticulation
Segment 2 affects segment 1 AND any following segments (e.g nasalisation)
What happens if a vowel occurs next to a nasal consonant?
It will be nasalised
What type of coarticulation does nasalisation have?
Anticipatory and perseverative
- Anticipatory is the stronger effect
What phonetic components does nasalisation apply to?
Sonorants only
What is labalisation?
Added lip-rounding
When does labalisation occur?
When a consonant precedes a rounded vowel or an intrinsically rounded consonant
What type of coarticulation does labalisation have?
Anticipatory
Is labalisation predominantly primary or secondary articulation when applied to a consonant?
Secondary
What is the diacritic for labalisation?
kʷ
What is the diacritic for nasalisation?
ĩ
What are the two types of place of articulation changes for velars?
- Advanced - before front vowels and /j/
- Retracted - before back vowels and /w/
What type of coarticulation is a velar place of articulation change?
Anticipatory
How can alveolar stops be altered to by place of articulation changes?
- Dentalised (advanced) - before dental consonants
- Post-alveolar (retracted) - before post-alveolar consonants
What type of coarticulation change is an alveolar stop place of articulation change?
Anticipatory
What are the three stages of plosive production?
- Approach
- Hold
- Release
What is a homorganic (gemination) plosive?
When two plosives occur together that share the same place of articulation
- The first plosive is unreleased (bad time)
What is a heterorganic plosive?
When two plosives overlap
The release of the first plosive becomes inaudible
When will plosives have a nasal release?
Before a homorganic nasal
[kɪdnⁿi]
When will plosives or affricates have a nasal approach?
When a homorganic nasal precedes the plosive or the affricate
[hɪnⁿdʒ]
What is a lateral release in a plosive?
When the sides of the tongue are lowered
What is a lateral approach?
When the sides of the tongue rise to ensure complete oral closure
Are vowels normally voiced or voiceless?
Voiced
Give the properties of a voiceless consonant.
- No vocal fold vibration
- Aspirated or un-aspirated
For what manner of consonant production does aspiration normally apply?
Plosives
Give the phonetic properties of an un-aspirated plosive.
- Consonantal restriction is released
- Voicing starts immediately
Give the general phonetic properties of an aspirated plosive.
- Consonantal restriction is released
- An interval of (30 - 50 ms) of air escaping through a relatively open glottis
- Voicing starts
What is Voice Onset Time?
The interval between constriction release and voice onset
What is aspiration?
Weak frication noise following consonantal release
What are the characterisitcs of longer VOT?
Stronger aspiration
When does negative VOT start?
Voicing starts BEFORE the constriction release
When does zero VOT start?
Voicing starts at the point of constriction release
When does positive VOT start?
Voicing starts AFTER constriction release
What is the diacritic for aspiration?
pʰ
What is the diacritic for devoicing?
d̥
Why can some obstruents become devoiced?
Because there is nothing in front of it
[b̥iːd̥]
What does fortis mean?
A strong breath flow
What does lenis mean?
A weak breath flow
What type of obstruents are usually described as fortis?
Voiceless obstruents
[p t k tʃ f θ s ʃ]
What type of obstruents are usually described as lenis?
Usually voiced obstruents
[b d g dʒ v ð z ʒ]
When does glottalisation occur?
- Only in syllable final position
- Unless preceded by a fricative
When preceded by a fricative, what are the two types of glottalisation?
- Reinforcement - [wɪʔtʃ]
- Replacement - [‘tʃʌʔni]
If you have a voiceless obstruent, what usually happens to the preceding vowel?
It is shortened
If you have a voiced obstruent, what usually happens to the vowel preceding it?
It is lengthened
In what position can aspirated stop consonants occur?
- Singleton position (not a cluster)
- At the beginning of a stressed syllable (appear, tidy)
In what position do unaspirated stops occur?
- After an [s] cluster (spin, stalk)
In what position are ejectives usually heard?
- Phrase finally (wait, look)
- p’, t’, k’
