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Swine Production Exam 1 > Swine Production Systems > Flashcards

Swine Production Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Confinement was first introduced in the _____.

A

1950’s by poultry industry

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2
Q

Today, the majority of pigs in the U.S. are raised in _______ production systems.

A

Confinement

But the #s are decreasing!

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3
Q

Name the 7 benefits of confinement systems.

A
  1. ) Small land requirement
  2. ) Low labor/unit of output
  3. ) Protection from elements
  4. ) Separation of manure from pigs (control disease)
  5. ) Parasite control
  6. ) Ease in handling pigs
  7. ) Improved gains (less exercise)
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4
Q

Name the 3 challenges of confinement systems.

A
  1. ) Huge investment $$
  2. ) Negative social opinion (overcrowding, etc.)
  3. ) Controlling temperature/ventilation
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5
Q

Range of environmental temps over which the heat produced by animals remains fairly constant

A

Thermoneutral zone (TNZ)

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6
Q

Temperatures that vary from a pig’s TNZ result in…(2)

A

Loss of appetite

Poor reproductive performance

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7
Q

How do confinement systems regulate temperatures in their facilities? (4)

A
  • Misting
  • Drip system cooler
  • Fans
  • Heat lamps
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8
Q

Ventilation provides _____ and _____.

A

Airflow and relief of toxic gasses

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9
Q

Heavier pigs require ______ CFM than lighter pigs.

A

Greater

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10
Q

Warmer temperatures require ______ CFM than cooler temperatures.

A

Higher

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11
Q

2 types of water systems used in confinement

A
  1. ) Nipple waters - cleaner, less waste

2. ) Troughs - More pigs can drink at once

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12
Q

Flooring options used in confinement? (3)

A
  1. ) Plastic: Not as sturdy (Nursery)
  2. ) Plastic-coated metal: Nursery
  3. ) Concrete slabs: not forgiving
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13
Q 
Some important facts about Boar Stud Units:
Extremely high \_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_ semen
Young boars are \_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_.
Few in \_\_\_\_\_.
A
  • Extremely high biosecurity (can spread disease through semen)
  • Collect, extend, ship semen
  • Young boars are isolated & trained
  • Few in #s
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14
Q

Sow units typically contain what 4 stages?

A

Breeding
Gestation
Farrowing
Lactation

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15
Q

Sows are generally _____-penned

A

Group (10-15 sows)

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16
Q

Heat checks are performed _____.

A

Daily

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17
Q

Sows are mainly bred via…

A

AI

Stall- or crate-bred

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18
Q

Gestation period

A

114 days (3mo 3wk 3d)

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19
Q

Crated until the _____ of gestation.

A

109th day

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20
Q

Why do we crate during gestation? (2)

A
  • Don’t want sows to get too fat (feed intake controlled)

- Don’t want them to fight with each other

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21
Q

Before moving to farrowing, sows are…(2)

A

Washed and dewormed

22
Q

Average weaning age

A

21 days

23
Q

How many births are typically given in a sow’s lifetime?

A

3-4 births

24
Q

Nursery Unit Facts:
_____ moved here.
Remain until _____.
Turns over more rapidly than _____.

A
  • Weaned pigs moved here
  • Remain until 40-60lbs
  • House 200-400 head depending on operation size
  • Turns over more rapidly than finishing unit
25
Q

Finishing Unit Facts:
Enter between _____.
Pigs remain until they reach _____.

A
  • Enter between 40-60lbs (some at weaning)

- Pigs remain until they reach market weight

26
Q

Farrow-to-Finish

What units?

A 
All stages (Breeding --> Market weight)
-Sow, nursery and finishing unit
27
Q

Farrow-to-Nursery
What weight do they market pigs?
What units?
Pigs are usually _____.

A

Breeding –> Market 40-60lb pigs

  • Sow and nursery unit
  • Pigs are usually sold
28
Q

Farrow-to-Wean
Market of _____ weaned pigs.
Contract _____ or may maintain _____.

A

Breeding –> Market of 10-15lb weaned pigs

-Contract buyers or may maintain ownership

29
Q

Wean-to-Finish
No _____; ______
Purchased _____ and fed them to market weight.

A

No nursery; finishing barn

Purchased 10-15lb weaned pigs and fed them to market weight

30
Q

Finishing Farm
Purchased _____ and fed them to market weight.
Sometimes called?

A

Purchased 40-60lb nursery pigs and fed them to market weight

-Sometimes Grow-Finish

31
Q

Non-confinement operations (2)

A

Pasture systems

Deep bedded systems

32
Q

Pasture operations are the _____ type of swine operation in the U.S.

A

Oldest

33
Q

Pasture Operation Facts:
Involves intensive _____ and pasture _____
2 Types?

A

-Used in all stages of production
-Involves intensive production management and pasture rotation
-Types:
Farrow to market
Gestation and farrowing

34
Q

Name the 7 benefits of pasture operations.

A
  1. ) Lower initial & annual costs
  2. ) Lower feed costs
  3. ) Reduce risk of nutritional deficiences (iron)
  4. ) Less pig-to-pig contact
  5. ) Flexibility
  6. ) Decreased manure management
  7. ) Lower cannibalism
35
Q

Name the 5 challenges of pasture operations.

A
  1. ) More labor for handling, feeding, etc.
  2. ) Longer time for pigs to reach market weight
  3. ) Environment (weather)
  4. ) Parasite control (live in soil yrs)
  5. ) Maintaining ground cover (rooting, etc.)
36
Q

Gestation and Farrowing is the _____ of pasture operation.

A

Most common type of pasture operation

37
Q

Farrow-to-Market
Generally not practiced due to _____ for large # of pigs
Slow _____ and poor _____.

A

Generally not practiced due to land area requirements for large # of pigs

  • Slow growth rate
  • Poor feed efficiency
38
Q

Pasture vs. Confinement

  • Weaning rates
  • Pigs weaned/sow/year
  • Feed efficiency
  • Average daily gains
A

Lower weaning rates
Fewer pigs weaned/sow/year
Poorer feed efficiency
Lower average daily gains

39
Q

Deep Bedded Systems Facts:
Bedding _____ manure.
Usually used for _____ and _____ pigs.

A
  • Bedding absorbs manure

- Usually used for gestation and finishing pigs

40
Q

Name the 5 benefits of deep bedded systems

A
  1. ) Lower cost investment
  2. ) Higher control over environment than pasture
  3. ) Lower energy cost
  4. ) Multiple-use building
  5. ) Solid manure (easier to handle)
41
Q

Name the 5 challenges of deep bedded systems

A
  1. ) Lots of bedding required
  2. ) Parasites and flies
  3. ) Treating and identifying sick
  4. ) Increased fighting
  5. ) Difficult to cool barns
42
Q

Bedding facts:
Layer of _____ deep.
Materials must keep _____ and _____ and absorb _____.

A
  • Layer of 14-18 inches deep

- Materials must keep warm and dry and absorb moisture

43
Q 
Finishing Operations Facts:
Relatively \_\_\_\_\_ with/ confinement
Lower \_\_\_\_\_
Slightly increased \_\_\_\_\_
More \_\_\_\_\_
A
  • Typical size holds 200 head
  • Relatively competitive w/confinement
  • Lower fixed costs
  • Slightly increased variable costs
  • More culls
44
Q

Finishing Bedded Barns compared to Confinement
Summer months: Grow _____, lower _____.
Winter months: Require more _____, higher _____.
Overall (5)?

A

Summer months
-Grow faster, lower mortality
Winter months
-Require more feed/lb of gain, higher mortality

OVERALL
More backfat
Smaller LEA (feed has less protein)
Less lean product
Greater wt variation at harvest
Consume more feed
45
Q

Bedded Barns compared to Confinement behaviors (4)

A

More fighting
Less aberrent (bad) behaviors
Lower plasma cortisol levels
Fewer foot injuries

46
Q

Gestation bedded barns compared to Confinement (5)

A
  • Fewer feet and leg problems
  • Lower culling
  • Lower sow mortality
  • Lower feed costs
  • Equal repro performance
47
Q

In order to have success with farrowing, (3)

A
  • Maintain sow groups
  • Longer nursing period
  • Keen understanding of swine
48
Q

5 major challenges facing confinement hog farmers?

A
  • Costs ^
  • Consumer acceptance
  • Manure handling
  • Barn adaptability
  • Feed costs (corn/soybean)
49
Q

4 challenges facing pasture hog farmers?

A
  • Changes in temp
  • Parasites
  • Lower weight gain
  • Runoff
50
Q

If confinement illegal, what happens to the swine industry? (3)

A
  • Less product
  • More expensive
  • Fewer pigs
51
Q

Types of bedding

A
  • Hay
  • Straw
  • Sand

Swine Production Exam 1 (6 decks)

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