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Large Animal Surgery > Swine > Flashcards

Swine Flashcards

1
Q

what dictates if surgical procedures are done

A

economics (breeding stock or valued pets)

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2
Q

what position is rare for swine surgery, unless its minor

A

standing

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3
Q

recumbent surgeries are done under what two ways

A

gas anesthesia

combination of sedation and local

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4
Q

what do you need to watch for in swine surgeries

A

malignant hyperthermia (but not in Pot Bellied Pigs)

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5
Q

Malignant Hyperthermia is also known as what

A

Porcine Stress Syndrome

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6
Q

Inherited Syndrome affecting skeletal muscles

A

Porcine Stress Syndrome

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7
Q

what cannot be regulated with Porcine Stress Syndrome

A

calcium flow in cells

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8
Q

what gene is associated with Porcine Stress Syndrome

A

Halothane gene

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9
Q

how is the Halothane gene passed down

A

autosomal recessive (parent to child)

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10
Q

meat side effect of Porcine Stress Syndrome (Malignant Hypothermia)

A

PSE Pork

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11
Q

what does PSE Pork stand for

A

Pale Soft Exudative

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12
Q

how is malignant hyperthermia (PSS) induced in GA

A

Halothane or Neuromuscular blockers

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13
Q

what are the symptoms of Malignant Hyperthermia (PSS)

A

muscle rigidity, tachycardia, tachypnea, acidosis, hyperthermia

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14
Q

acute physical manifestation from a stressful “trigger”

A

PSS or Malignant Hyperthermia

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15
Q

what do Physical-restraint, exertion, fighting, breeding, etc….. cause in hogs

A

PSS or Malignant Hyperthermia

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16
Q

what can PSS or Malignant Hyperthermia do to hogs physically

A

dyspnea (difficult or labored breathing)
open mouth breathing
hyperthermia
DEATH

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17
Q

Location of local anesthesia for hogs

A

Lumbosacral Epidural Anesthesia

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18
Q

Lumbosacral Epidurals in hogs in considered what direction on the body

A

cranial

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19
Q

Lumbosacral Epidurals are injected in what position

A

standing

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20
Q

what is injected for the Lumbosacral Epidural

A

lidocaine without epinephrine
Xylazine
or a mixture of both

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21
Q

the more volume given in an epidural, the what

A

higher up the spinal canal it travels

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22
Q

local anesthesia does not immobilize what

A

head, neck or forelimbs

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23
Q

two major risks with GA

A

hypoventilation
hyperthermia

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24
Q

three causes for hypoventilation

A

airway obstruction
respiratory depression
limited expansion of chest wall

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25
Q

Hypoventilation = ______ = _______

A

hypoxia = death

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26
Q

hypoventilation in hogs is often caused from

A

airway obstruction

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27
Q

three ways that airway obstruction happens in hogs under GA

A

**Larynx prone to Laryngospasms
**Laryngeal lumen is SMALL
**Laryngeal edema common – trauma during intubation

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28
Q

the larynx is prone to what

A

Laryngospasms (because Laryngeal lumen is small)

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29
Q

laryngeal edema is common in GA and is caused by what

A

trauma during intubation

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30
Q

what do sweat glands lack, that causes hyperthermia

A

efficient thermoregulation

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31
Q

how long do you withhold food from older hogs (not piglets) before anesthesia

A

6-12 hours

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32
Q

how long do you withhold food from piglets before anesthesia

A

1-3 hours

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33
Q

where are preanesthetic drugs injected, so that a more valuable cut of meat isn’t damaged - but also leads to what

A

IM in the neck

inconsistent absorption

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34
Q

what four drugs can be given (or as a combo) as preanesthetic drugs

A

Acepromazine
Ketamine
Xylazine
Telazol

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35
Q

what drug is given as a preanesthetic to slow salivation

A

atropine

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36
Q

three ways to induce anesthesia in hogs

A

IM drugs
IV drugs
gas induced

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37
Q

what IV drugs are the safest to give hogs for induction (because of PSS)

A

Thiobarbituates

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38
Q

what gas has to be avoided in induction of hogs

A

Halothane

39
Q

do pigs sweat

A

NO - that is why they are sensitive to hyperthermia (overheating)

40
Q

hogs have a ______ laryngeal opening and a ______ trachea

A

small
narrow

41
Q

what can be sprayed on the larynx to lessen laryngospasms

A

lidocaine

42
Q

what is a helpful tool for intubation

A

stylet in laryngeal entrance

43
Q

blind pouch located dorsal to the esophagus that can prevent the endotracheal tube from advancing if directed into this location

A

Pharyngeal recess

44
Q

for intubation, start with the tube bent ______, then turn ______ after clearing the larynx

A

ventral
dorsal

45
Q

two types of maintenance anesthesia

A

injectable
inhalant

46
Q

what can Halothane used as an inhalant maintenance anesthesia cause (if hog is sensitive to Halothane)

A

Malignant Hyperthermia (PSS)

47
Q

what is difficult to evaluate in anesthesia monitoring

A

evaluate eyes

48
Q

what is a target heart rate for monitoring anesthesia in hogs

A

50-150 bpm

49
Q

what is the most important thing to monitor in anesthesia with hogs

A

temperature - hyperthermia risk!

50
Q

what is the only kind of fluid therapy that can be given to hogs under anesthesia

A

IV only - no room for SQ

51
Q

what position do hogs recover in from anesthesia

A

sternal recumbency

52
Q

what should be supplemented through endotracheal tube until extubation

A

supplemental oxygen

53
Q

why can’t boar meat be marketed in the US

A

“boar taint”

54
Q

“boar taint” is a distinct odor that is released when and produces what

A

cooking
unpleasant flavor to meat

55
Q

castration offers better _____ efficiency

A

feed

56
Q

besides two testicles, what else should you palpate for in castration

A

inguinal or scrotal hernia

57
Q

what two tools are used to castrate

A

emasculator or scalpel

58
Q

what do you do to remove the testicles

A

“tease out” the spermatic cord

59
Q

what do you do to the scrotum after castration

A

leave open to drain

60
Q

two solutions for hernias

A

close them
eviscerate them (remove)

61
Q

Failure of umbilical wall to close

A

umbilical hernia

62
Q

with an umbilical hernia, abdominal contents move where

A

skin and surrounding connective tissue

63
Q

what is the space called where abdominal contents move to in umbilical hernias

A

Hernia Sack

64
Q

small hernia defects allow what to pass into hernia sack

A

omentum (part of stomach)

65
Q

large hernia defects allow what to into hernia sack

A

intestines

66
Q

two causes for umbilical hernias

A

Genetic (hereditary)
Secondary to umbilical infections and abscesses

67
Q

why are hernia surgeries often avoided

A

cost

68
Q

two solutions for umbilical hernias

A

hernia clamp
elastrator band

69
Q

problems with hernia repair surgery

A

Dehisce (burst open)
Reoccur
Infection
Still can pass on genetics if breeding stock

70
Q
A

hernia clamp

71
Q
A

umbilical hernia

72
Q
A

hernia clamp

73
Q

when should a C section be preformed

A

as soon as possible

74
Q

C sections are done under GA or with what kind of block

A

L block

75
Q

if sow is sedate with L block, what recumbency should she be in for a C section

A

lateral (either side)

76
Q

what kind of incision is made for a C section

A

vertical flank incision

77
Q

C sections are used for Specific ______ _____ pigs

A

Pathogen Free

78
Q

what are Specific Pathogen Free pigs

A

the herd is believed to be free from a short list of specified pathogens

79
Q

tusk trimming of adult canine teeth in hogs

A

detusking

80
Q

when do adult canine teeth in females stop growing

A

two years

81
Q

when do adult canine teeth in males stop growing

A

never - continue to grow through life

82
Q

two management options for adult canine teeth

A

surgical
trimming

83
Q

which tusk management is difficult, rarely done and includes the mandible only

A

surgical

84
Q

how often is trimming done on tusks

A

every year

85
Q

how is sedation done in detusking

A

snare or snubbing rope

86
Q

the best way to detusk

A

Gigli wire

87
Q

two other options for detusking that are not recommended because of tooth damage

A

hoof trimmers
hammer

88
Q

two causes for prolapsed anus/rectum

A

Coughing – from respiratory disease, dust
Dock tail too close

89
Q

how are prolapsed anus/rectum corrected

A

prolapse tube/rectal ring

90
Q

how soon is damaged tissue sloughed after inserting prolapse tube/rectal ring

A

1-2 weeks

91
Q

how should a pig with prolapse tube/rectal ring be housed

A

isolated from other pigs - to prevent chewing/trauma

92
Q

what is important to address with prolapse tube/rectal ring

A

underlying disease

93
Q
A

prolapse tube/rectal ring

Large Animal Surgery (5 decks)

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