Swine Flashcards
what dictates if surgical procedures are done
economics (breeding stock or valued pets)
what position is rare for swine surgery, unless its minor
standing
recumbent surgeries are done under what two ways
gas anesthesia
combination of sedation and local
what do you need to watch for in swine surgeries
malignant hyperthermia (but not in Pot Bellied Pigs)
Malignant Hyperthermia is also known as what
Porcine Stress Syndrome
Inherited Syndrome affecting skeletal muscles
Porcine Stress Syndrome
what cannot be regulated with Porcine Stress Syndrome
calcium flow in cells
what gene is associated with Porcine Stress Syndrome
Halothane gene
how is the Halothane gene passed down
autosomal recessive (parent to child)
meat side effect of Porcine Stress Syndrome (Malignant Hypothermia)
PSE Pork
what does PSE Pork stand for
Pale Soft Exudative
how is malignant hyperthermia (PSS) induced in GA
Halothane or Neuromuscular blockers
what are the symptoms of Malignant Hyperthermia (PSS)
muscle rigidity, tachycardia, tachypnea, acidosis, hyperthermia
acute physical manifestation from a stressful “trigger”
PSS or Malignant Hyperthermia
what do Physical-restraint, exertion, fighting, breeding, etc….. cause in hogs
PSS or Malignant Hyperthermia
what can PSS or Malignant Hyperthermia do to hogs physically
dyspnea (difficult or labored breathing)
open mouth breathing
hyperthermia
DEATH
Location of local anesthesia for hogs
Lumbosacral Epidural Anesthesia
Lumbosacral Epidurals in hogs in considered what direction on the body
cranial
Lumbosacral Epidurals are injected in what position
standing
what is injected for the Lumbosacral Epidural
lidocaine without epinephrine
Xylazine
or a mixture of both
the more volume given in an epidural, the what
higher up the spinal canal it travels
local anesthesia does not immobilize what
head, neck or forelimbs
two major risks with GA
hypoventilation
hyperthermia
three causes for hypoventilation
airway obstruction
respiratory depression
limited expansion of chest wall
Hypoventilation = ______ = _______
hypoxia = death
hypoventilation in hogs is often caused from
airway obstruction
three ways that airway obstruction happens in hogs under GA
**Larynx prone to Laryngospasms
**Laryngeal lumen is SMALL
**Laryngeal edema common – trauma during intubation
the larynx is prone to what
Laryngospasms (because Laryngeal lumen is small)
laryngeal edema is common in GA and is caused by what
trauma during intubation
what do sweat glands lack, that causes hyperthermia
efficient thermoregulation
how long do you withhold food from older hogs (not piglets) before anesthesia
6-12 hours
how long do you withhold food from piglets before anesthesia
1-3 hours
where are preanesthetic drugs injected, so that a more valuable cut of meat isn’t damaged - but also leads to what
IM in the neck
inconsistent absorption
what four drugs can be given (or as a combo) as preanesthetic drugs
Acepromazine
Ketamine
Xylazine
Telazol
what drug is given as a preanesthetic to slow salivation
atropine
three ways to induce anesthesia in hogs
IM drugs
IV drugs
gas induced
what IV drugs are the safest to give hogs for induction (because of PSS)
Thiobarbituates
what gas has to be avoided in induction of hogs
Halothane
do pigs sweat
NO - that is why they are sensitive to hyperthermia (overheating)
hogs have a ______ laryngeal opening and a ______ trachea
small
narrow
what can be sprayed on the larynx to lessen laryngospasms
lidocaine
what is a helpful tool for intubation
stylet in laryngeal entrance
blind pouch located dorsal to the esophagus that can prevent the endotracheal tube from advancing if directed into this location
Pharyngeal recess
for intubation, start with the tube bent ______, then turn ______ after clearing the larynx
ventral
dorsal
two types of maintenance anesthesia
injectable
inhalant
what can Halothane used as an inhalant maintenance anesthesia cause (if hog is sensitive to Halothane)
Malignant Hyperthermia (PSS)
what is difficult to evaluate in anesthesia monitoring
evaluate eyes
what is a target heart rate for monitoring anesthesia in hogs
50-150 bpm
what is the most important thing to monitor in anesthesia with hogs
temperature - hyperthermia risk!
what is the only kind of fluid therapy that can be given to hogs under anesthesia
IV only - no room for SQ
what position do hogs recover in from anesthesia
sternal recumbency
what should be supplemented through endotracheal tube until extubation
supplemental oxygen
why can’t boar meat be marketed in the US
“boar taint”
“boar taint” is a distinct odor that is released when and produces what
cooking
unpleasant flavor to meat
castration offers better _____ efficiency
feed
besides two testicles, what else should you palpate for in castration
inguinal or scrotal hernia
what two tools are used to castrate
emasculator or scalpel
what do you do to remove the testicles
“tease out” the spermatic cord
what do you do to the scrotum after castration
leave open to drain
two solutions for hernias
close them
eviscerate them (remove)
Failure of umbilical wall to close
umbilical hernia
with an umbilical hernia, abdominal contents move where
skin and surrounding connective tissue
what is the space called where abdominal contents move to in umbilical hernias
Hernia Sack
small hernia defects allow what to pass into hernia sack
omentum (part of stomach)
large hernia defects allow what to into hernia sack
intestines
two causes for umbilical hernias
Genetic (hereditary)
Secondary to umbilical infections and abscesses
why are hernia surgeries often avoided
cost
two solutions for umbilical hernias
hernia clamp
elastrator band
problems with hernia repair surgery
Dehisce (burst open)
Reoccur
Infection
Still can pass on genetics if breeding stock
hernia clamp
umbilical hernia
hernia clamp
when should a C section be preformed
as soon as possible
C sections are done under GA or with what kind of block
L block
if sow is sedate with L block, what recumbency should she be in for a C section
lateral (either side)
what kind of incision is made for a C section
vertical flank incision
C sections are used for Specific ______ _____ pigs
Pathogen Free
what are Specific Pathogen Free pigs
the herd is believed to be free from a short list of specified pathogens
tusk trimming of adult canine teeth in hogs
detusking
when do adult canine teeth in females stop growing
two years
when do adult canine teeth in males stop growing
never - continue to grow through life
two management options for adult canine teeth
surgical
trimming
which tusk management is difficult, rarely done and includes the mandible only
surgical
how often is trimming done on tusks
every year
how is sedation done in detusking
snare or snubbing rope
the best way to detusk
Gigli wire
two other options for detusking that are not recommended because of tooth damage
hoof trimmers
hammer
two causes for prolapsed anus/rectum
Coughing – from respiratory disease, dust
Dock tail too close
how are prolapsed anus/rectum corrected
prolapse tube/rectal ring
how soon is damaged tissue sloughed after inserting prolapse tube/rectal ring
1-2 weeks
how should a pig with prolapse tube/rectal ring be housed
isolated from other pigs - to prevent chewing/trauma
what is important to address with prolapse tube/rectal ring
underlying disease
prolapse tube/rectal ring
