Bovine Flashcards
three economic values that dictate if surgery will be preformed
- High producing Dairy Cattle
- Registered Breeding Stock
- Pet animals
two main ways to preform bovine surgery
standing or GA
sedation with forced recumbency
casting
Majority of Surgeries done this way
standing
standing surgeries are done with a combination of what three things
restraint
sedation/tranquilization
local/regional block
what should be kept in mind in bovine surgeries
withdrawal times (for butchering)
seven things that restraint for standing surgery depends on
Facilities
Personnel available
Duration
Patient factors (temperament) Anatomical location
Anticipated pain
General health of patient
how long should food be withheld before standing surgery
12-14 hours
how long should water be withheld from adult cattle before standing surgery
6 hours or less
preferred local anesthesia drug (still toxic but the “safest” one)
lidocaine
toxicity signs of lidocaine in bovine
hypotension
sedation
resp. depress
muscle twitching
convulsions
it is best to dilute lidocaine to what percentage
2%
pain control for flank incisions, needs to be deposited into several layers of tissues
L Block
L Blocks are deposited in what shape
inverted “L”
pain control that is given in spinal roots
paravertebral block
what spinal roots are used for paravertebral block
T13
L1
L2
how much local anesthetic is given in the dorsal approach of a paravertebral block
20 ml per vertebrae
how much local anesthetic is given in the lateral approach of a paravertebral block
10-20 ml per site
pain control for dehorning
cornual nerve block
how many nerves do cattle have supplied to each horn
one (between eye and horn)
pain control for distal limb - two names
Bier block
or
intravenous regional analgesia
where are Bier blocks given in distal limbs
metatarsal/metacarpal veins
where are Bier blocks given in relation to the tourniquet
distal
what is used for a Bier block, in addition to the tourniquet
padding
Bier blocks are superior to what
nerve block
how long does a Bier block last
10-15 minutes, as long as tourniquet is on
pain control for obstetric procedures
caudal epidural
where are caudal epidurals given
first intercoccygeal space
what does the caudal epidural block
Tail
Anus
Perineum
Vulva
Caudal Vagina
Caudal Thigh
what drug is used for caudal epidurals
5-6 ml 2% lidocaine
what is the onset and duration of caudal epidurals
10-20 onset
lasts 1-2 hours
four risks with bovine GA
regurgitation
bloat
hypoventilation
compartment syndrome
when should food be pulled in cattle, calves and neonates before GA
cattle: 12-36 hours
calves: 2-4 hours
neonates: 0 hours
when should water be pulled in cattle, calves and neonates before GA
cattle: 6-12 hours
calves: 0 hours
neonates: 0 hours
what kind of endotracheal tubes should be used to avoid regurgitation during GA
cuffed tubes
what induces the gag reflex in GA, so you have to do it fast
pharynx stimulation
ruminants should never be rolled under GA, unless what is in placed
CUFFED endotracheal tubes
what two things during GA can cause bloat
Drug-induced hypomotility
gas build-up
rumen content, size and weight can cause what during GA
hypoventilation
most preanesthetic drugs are what kind of label
extra label
what should be consulted before using preanesthetic drugs
FARAD
three groups of preanesthetic drugs
acepromazine
Xylazine, detomidine, medetomidine (alpha 2)
Anticholinergics(atropine, glycopyrrolate)
acepromazine provides tranquilization for how long
2-4 hours
what can males experience with acepromazine, that can lead to trauma
prolonged extended penis
which drug group only requires 1/10 of the horse dose to be effective - highly sensitive!
Xylazine, detomidine, medetomidine
which drug group can have milk passage
Xylazine, detomidine, medetomidine
which drug does not reduce saliva and may induce bloat
Anticholinergics(atropine, glycopyrrolate)
four induction drugs for GA
inhalant gas
thiobarbiturates
ketamine
guaifenesin
inhalant gas induction is possible on animals under how many pounds
150
thiobarbiturates should not be used in which kind of animals
neonates or pregnant (can cross placenta)
ketamine is used in combination with what three drugs
Xylazine, Acepromazine, Diazapam
guaifenesin has what kind of effect on bovine
muscle relaxant - reduces other doses of additional drugs
what drugs make up the “triple drip” combination
Guaifenesin + Xylazine + Ketamine
what drugs make up the “double dip” combination
Guaifenesin + Ketamine
what animals is Telazol and Propofol used in
calves and small ruminants
two ways to place endotracheal tubes
direct visualization
palpation
with palpation placement of endotracheal tube, cup end with hand and insert what
arm
what should removed before palpation placement of endotracheal tube
JEWELRY
two ways to maintenance GA bovine
injectable drugs
inhalant gas
when is maintenance GA done in bovine
if more than 1 hour
what four things should be monitored in GA of bovine
depth
ventilation
circulation
temperature
how many BPM is desired under GA in bovine
20-40 BPM
in what circumstances should an IV catheter be place during GA in bovine
every time - in case of emergency situations
when should IV fluids be given during GA in bovine
lasting longer than 1 hour
what age bovine may require dextrose in GA
neonates
what rate of oxygen should be given in GA recovery for bovine
100%
in what position should bovine recover from GA
sternal recumbancy
what helps in recovery of GA in bovine
belching
eructation
belching
what side is best for recovery, if lateral recumbency is required
right side
how are cattle different from equine in recovery
they are sensible and won’t get up until they feel like they can
what age is best for castration
young age
what insects are concern with castration
flies
two classifications of castration
open and closed
what tools are used in open castration
scalpel or Newberry knife
emasculator
emasculator should be positioned ______ to ______
nut to nut
what tools are used in closed castration
emasculatome (Burdizzo)
elastrator
tool that crushed the spermatic cord above the testicle, through the skin, without incision
emasculatome (Burdizzo)
Tool for procedure also known as banding
elastrator
two complications in bovine castration
hemorrhage
infection
pain med that can be given for castration
meloxicam (NSAID)
one shot of meloxicam lasts how long for pain
3 to 5 days
another term for dehorning
cornuectomy
three negatives that horned cattle can have
dangerous
damage hide
damage to facilities
removal of horn buds before horns grown
disbudding
three ways to perform a cornuectomy (dehorning)
chemical cautery
heat cautery
surgical removal
dehorning procedure that kills germinal epithelium
chemical cautery
when should chemical cautery for dehorning be done
first week of life
what is the collateral damage to chemical cautery dehorning
skin burns to moms from nursing calf
chemical cautery for dehorning has a high incidence of failure and can lead to what
scur - partial horn growth
dehorning procedure that is fast and mostly bloodless
heat cautery
what is killed in heat cautery for dehorning
germinal cells
three tools used for surgical dehorning
tube or spoon dehorner
lever type
surgical saws
which surgical tool is used for small horns
tube or spoon
which surgical tool is used for small and medium horns
Barnes dehorner
Barnes dehorner
two tools that can be used for surgical saw dehorning
saw or Gigli wire
Gigli wire
three complications from dehorming
hemorrhage
infection
flies
what can flies cause in an open wound
myiasis - infection of fly larvae (maggots)
what does the AVMA oppose as routine practice in cattle
tail amputation/docking
when is tail amputation/docking justified in cattle
injury to the tail
extra or accessory teats in cattle
supernumerary teats
why do supernumerary teats cause issues on cattle
interfere with milk machine
what tools can be used for teat removal
emasculatome
emasculator
clamp
which direction should the teat removal site be sutured closed
caudo-cranial
what injection should be considered for all bovine surgical procedures
tetanus
why would a urethrostomy be performed
prevent urolithiasis (bladder urethral stones)
laypersons term for urethrostomy
Heifering - they pee like a girl now
cystotomy for urolithiasis will preserve what
breeding function
Newberry knife
emasculator
Emasculatome (Burdizzo)
elastrator
inverted L Block
Paravertebral Block
Bier Block
