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Part 2 > SWCE PT.1 > Flashcards

SWCE PT.1 Flashcards

1
Q
  1. The factor that affects adoption of soil
    and water conservation measures
    a. land tenure
    b. high initial investment cost
    c. construction skills
    d. both a and
    e. all of the above
A

Answer: e. all of the above

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2
Q
  1. A wet area, periodically inundated with standing or
    slow moving water, that has grassy or herbaceous
    vegetation and often little peat accumulation; the
    water may be salt, brackish or fresh
    a. karst
    b. Marsh
    c. Peat
    d. Valley
A

Answer: b. Marsh

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3
Q
  1. Regions that are characterized by formations
    underlain by carbonate rock typified by the
    presence of limestone caverns and sinkholes
    a. Karst
    b. Marsh
    c. Peat
    d. Wetland
A

Answer: a. Karst

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4
Q
  1. Which of the following is not a soil structure?
    a. Loam
    b. Crumb
    c. Platy
    d. Sub-angular blocky
    e. Prismatic
A

Answer: a. Loam

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5
Q
  1. Soil productivity is the ability of the soil
    a. To produce the desired amount of plant yield
    b. Supply nutrients in sufficient and balanced
    amounts
    c. Store and resist leaching nutrients
    d. All of the above
A

Answer: a. To produce the desired amount of plant yield

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6
Q
  1. When a sickly yellowish green color was found,
    the plant was possibly suffering from what
    major element deficiency?
    a. Nitrogen
    b. Boron
    c. Phosphorus
    d. Zinc
    e. Potassium
A

Answer: a. Nitrogen

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7
Q
  1. Refers to the manifestation of physical forces of
    cohesion and adhesion acting within the soil at
    various moisture contents.
    a. Soil consistency
    b. Soil aggregate
    c. Soil cohesion
    d. Soil structure
    e. Soil texture
A

Answer: a. Soil consistency

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8
Q
  1. It has the property of soil which enables clay
    to change slope without cracking when it is
    subjected to deforming stress.
    a. Puddlability
    b. Permeability
    c. Friability
    d. Consistency
    e. Plasticity
A

Answer: e. Plasticity

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9
Q
  1. Refers to the relative proportion of various size
    groups of individual soil grains:
    a. Soil texture
    b. Soil consistency
    c. Soil colloid
    d. Soil profile
    e. Soil structure
A

Answer: a. Soil texture

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10
Q
  1. Water which has been absorbed from an
    atmosphere of water vapor as a result of
    attractive forces in the surface of the particles.
    a. Capillary water
    b. Hygroscopic water
    c. Rainwater
    d. Gravitational water
    e. Mineral water
A

Answer: b. Hygroscopic water

Kinds of Soil Water
Hygroscopic water – water held tightly to the surface of soil particles by adsorption forces
Capillary water – water held by forces of surface tension and continuous film around soil particle and
capillary spaces
Gravitational water – water that moves freely in
response to gravity and drains out of the soil

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11
Q
  1. It is refer to the ease of crumbling of soils.
    a. Plasticity
    b. Soil colloid
    c. Soil consistency
    d. Friability
A

Answer: d. Friability

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12
Q
  1. A natural body composed of a variable mixture of
    broken and weathered minerals and decaying
    organic matter and when containing the proper
    amount of air and water, supplies sustenance
    and gives mechanical support of plants:
    a. Fertilizer
    b. Soil
    c. Humus
    d. Rock
    e. Mineral
A

Answer: b. Soil

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13
Q
  1. The study of soil which puts more emphasis
    on the origin, characteristics, classification
    and description:
    a. Pedology
    b. Pathology
    c. Agronomy
    d. Soil science
A

Answer: a. Pedology

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14
Q
  1. The percentage of moisture on dry weight basis that
    is held against the pull of gravity, after drainage has
    ceased in a soil that has been saturated:
    a. Wilting point
    b. Hygroscopic coefficient
    c. Air dry
    d. Field capacity
    e. Oven dry weight
A

Answer: d. Field capacity

Soil Moisture constants:
1. Saturation Capacity – all pores of the soil are filled
with water - Maximum water-holding capacity
2. Field Capacity (FC) – is the moisture content after
drainage of gravitational water has become very slow and the moisture content has become relatively stable
3. Permanent Wilting Point/Percentage (PWP) – moisture content at which plants can no longer obtain enough moisture to meet transpiration requirement and remain wilted (and eventually dies) unless water is added
4. Moisture equivalent – amount of water retained by a sample of initially saturated soil material
5. Wilting Range – range in soil moisture content which plants undergo progressive degree of permanent or irreversible wilting
6. Available Water – soil moisture between field capacity and permanent wilting
point

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15
Q
  1. The capacity of water bodies to cleanse
    themselves of pollutants over a period of time
    and/or stretch
    a. Stress capacity
    b. Driving capacity
    c. Assimilative capacity
    d. Water holding capacity
A

Answer: c. Assimilative capacity

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16
Q
  1. Are natural drainage areas within the
    boundary defined by the divide
    a. Watershed
    b. Catchment
    c. Basin
    d. All of the above
A

Answer: d. All of the above

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17
Q

The following are watershed descriptors,
except
a. Drainage density
b. Basin shape
c. Relief ratio
d. Stream order
e. Flood routing

A

Answer: e. Flood routing

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18
Q
  1. A watershed descriptor that describes the
    dissection of a basin and determines its
    response to a rainfall input
    a. Drainage density
    b. Circulatory ratio
    c. Relief ratio
    d. Stream order
    e. Stream gradient
A

Answer: a. Drainage density

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19
Q
  1. The area of a drainage basin is approximately
    10000 acre with an average length of 2500m. The
    elevation of the remote place of the basin from the
    outlet stream is 1000m. What is the estimated
    time where the flow reaches the outlet stream.
    a. 0.191
    b. 0.155
    c. 0.595
    d. 0.115
A

Answer: a. 0.191

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20
Q

The ratio of the circumference of a circle, of
the same area as the basin, to the basin
perimeter
a. Circulatory ratio
b. Elongation ratio
c. Relief ratio
d. Circumferential ratio

A

Answer: a. Circulatory ratio

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21
Q

The capacity of rainfall (precipitation) to effect
the detachment and transport of soil particles.
a. Erodibility
b. Erosivity
c. Effectivity
d. Conductivity

A

Answer: b. Erosivity
Soil Erosion –is the detachment and transport of soil particles by natural (i.e. water and wind) or anthropogenic (man-induced or man-related) causes.
Soil Erodibility – the susceptibility of the soil to be
eroded
Rainfall Erosivity – the capacity of rainfall to cause
erosion
Eroding agents – rainfall/raindrop, runoff, wind

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22
Q

Which of the following is not a purpose of
terracing?
a. To reduce soil erosion
b. For water conservation
c. For flood control
d. For soil fertility rejuvenation
e. None of the above

A

Answer: d. For soil fertility rejuvenation

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23
Q

Soil erosion is the _______ of soil particles
by natural or anthropogenic causes.
a. Detachment
b. Detachment and transport
c. Detachment, transport and deposition
d. Detachment and entrainment
e. Detachment, transport and entrainment

A

Answer: b. Detachment and transport

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24
Q

The following are on-site effects of erosion,
except
a. Reduced crop productivity
b. Reduced infiltration
c. Increased of direct runoff
d. Damaged biodiversity
e. None of the above

A

Answer: e. None of the above

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25
Q

The following factors are represented in the
USLE except:
a. Rainfall erodibility
b. Cover management
c. Slope length
d. Conservation practice
e. Relief

A

Answer: e. Relief

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26
Q

The detachment and transport of soil by a
concentrated flow of water.
a. Sheet erosion
b. Rill erosion
c. Interill erosion
d. Streambank erosion

A

Answer: b. Rill erosion

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27
Q

Cropping systems where strips of some grass or
legume crop are laid out between strips of crops in
the regular rotations; they may be even or irregular
in width; they may be placed on critical slope areas
of the field
a. Buffer strip
b. Contour strip
c. Field strip
d. Random strip

A

Answer: a. Buffer strip

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28
Q

It is an organic or synthetic permeable
cloth-like material used for soil
conservation and erosion prevention
a. Geotextile
b. Geosynthetics
c. Geomesh
d. Both a and b
e. All of the above

A

Answer: e. All of the above

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29
Q

On a 10% hill slope, it is proposed to
construct bench terraces of vertical cuts. . If
the vertical interval is 2 meters, what is the
width of the terrace?
a. 10 m
b. 8 m
c. 20 m
d. 16 m

A

Answer: c. 20 m

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30
Q

Which is a correct description of a soil erosion
plot used to experimentally measure soil
erosion?
a. Vegetated
b. 9% slope
c. 20 m long
d. 7.26 ft high

A

Answer: b. 9% slope

Methods of Soil Erosion Measurement:
Soil erosion plots (standard conditions: bare fallow, 9% slope, 72.6 ft. length)

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31
Q

It is the process by which land is left idle or
uncropped for one or more seasons to
accumulate moisture, destroy weeds and allow
decomposition of crop residues.
a. Ratooning
b. Fallowing
c. Idling
d. Mulching

A

Answer: b. Fallowing

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32
Q

A type of terrace usually used for 25-30%
slope characterized by the construction of
series of platforms along the contours cut into
hill slope in a step like formation
a. Bench terrace
b. Broad-based terrace
c. Zingg terrave
d. Manning’s terrace

A

Answer: a. Bench terrace

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33
Q

How does a gully develop?
1. stabilization stage
2. channel erosion by downward scour of the topsoil
3. healing stage
4. upward movement of gully head and enlargement
of the gully width
a. ii, iv, i, iii
b. iv, ii, iii, i
c. ii, iii, iv, i
d. ii, iv, iii, i

A

Answer: d. ii, iv, iii, i

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34
Q

The USLE is a method of computing soil
erosion. What type of soil erosion does it
estimate?
a. Sheet erosion only
b. Sheet, rill and gully erosion
c. Sheet and rill erosion only
d. All types of erosion

A

Answer: a. Sheet erosion only

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35
Q

What is the Kinetic Energy per unit area of a
rainfall with depth of 0.18 in & intensity of
1.35 in/hr?
a. 12.5
b. 15.2
c. 17.2
d. 173

A

Answer: d. 173

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36
Q

If the total kinetic energy of a given rainfall
event is 7500 ft-ton/acre and the highest I30 is
10 in/hr, what is the Rainfal erosivity index of
the rainfall event?
a. 0.143
b. 0.562
c. 14.3
d. 750
e. 75000

A

Answer: a. 0.143

37
Q

A sandy loam soil (Sand = 65%, silt=26%,
clay = 9%) has a pH of 5.6 and organic
matter content of 4.8%. Determine the soil
erodibility factor K.
a. 0.125
b. 0.235
c. 0.275
d. 1.25

A

Answer: b. 0.235

38
Q

The soil erosion in a certain 10-ha farm
practicing conventional tillage (P factor = 1.0)
was computed to be 50 T/ha/yr. By what
percentage will be the difference in soil erosion
if zoning (P factor = 0.25) was employed?
a. 25% increase
b. 75% increase
c. 25% decrease
d. 75% decrease

A

Answer: d. 75% decrease

39
Q

On a 20% hill slope, it is proposed to construct
bench terraces with 1:1 batter slope. If the
vertical interval is 2 meters, what is the width
of the terrace?
a. 10 m
b. 8 m
c. 20 m
d. 12 m

A

Answer: a. 10 m

40
Q

These types of soil should not be used in dam
construction, except:
a. Organic material
b. Non-cracking clays
c. Fine silts
d. Calcitic clays

A

Answer: b. Non-cracking clays

41
Q

The wetting or drying of a soil to assist compaction
a. Water treatment
b. Water logging
c. Moisture conditioning
d. Puddling

A

Answer: c. Moisture conditioning

42
Q

Rainfall erosivity, R, obtained by ______ the
kinetic energy by the _____ rainfall intensity
during the a period of ____ for each rainstorm.
a. Multiplying, average, 15 minutes
b. Dividing, maximum, 30 minutes
c. Multiplying, maximum, 30 minutes
d. Dividing, minimum, 15 minutes

A

Answer: c. Multiplying, maximum, 30 minutes

43
Q

The slope length in RUSLE is defined as
a. A distance from the origin of overland flow to
where the flow enters a concentrated flow
area
b. Distance from the origin of overland flow to
where deposition starts to occur
c. Distance to which transport capacity is lower
than sediment load
d. Distance to which transport capacity is higher
than sediment load

A

Answer: a. Distance from the origin of overland flow to
where the flow enters a concentrated flow area

44
Q

Are rough bundle of brushwood or other material
used for strengthening an earthen structure
a. Wattles
b. Gabions
c. Fascines
d. stakes

A

Answer: c. Fascines

45
Q

A patented mean for erosion protection in the
form of wire baskets or mattresses selectively
filled in situ with rock
a. Revetment
b. Abutment
c. Geotextile
d. Gabion
e. wattles

A

Answer: d. Gabion

46
Q

Water held in the soil between field capacity
and permanent wilting point
a. Available water content
b. Soil water deficit
c. Excess water
d. Retained water

A

Answer: a. Available
water content

47
Q

The government agency that issues ‘Water
Permits’ for extraction and use of natural
water resources
a. LGU
b. NWRB
c. DENR
d. DA
e. NIA

A

Answer: b. NWRB

48
Q

This is the top of an embankment
a. Berm
b. Crest
c. Dike
d. Freeboard

A

Answer: b. Crest

49
Q

Sediment near the stream bottom which
moves by crawling or sliding
a. Suspended load
b. Bed load
c. Saltation load
d. None of the abov

A

Answer: b. Bed load

Bed Load
– sediment near or few inches from the stream
bed and move by crawling or sliding
Suspended Load
– sediment or soil particle suspended in the water body
-sediment that is in motion in a river

Saltation – sediment transported by “saltation”
or “jumping”

50
Q

When is the best/recommended time to
sample sediment load in the stream?
a. Intermittent flow
b. Base flow
c. Peak flow
d. Perennial flow

A

Answer: c. Peak flow

51
Q

Method of sediment sampling where a
representative sample is taken from several
samples (likewise, taken from the different
locations) in the channel or reservoir
a. Composite sample
b. Point-integrated sample
c. Depth-integrated sample
d. Location-integrated sample

A

Answer: a. Composite sample

52
Q

Method of sediment sampling where a
representative sample is taken by lowering and
raising the sampling container within the
height of the channel or reservoir
a. Composite sample
b. Point-integrated sample
c. Depth-integrated sample
d. Location-integrated sample

A

Answer: c. Depth-integrated sample

53
Q

Temporal distribution of rainfall refers to
a. Distribution over space
b. Distribution over watershed
c. Distribution over time
d. Temporary distribution

A

Answer: c. Distribution over time

54
Q

Which of the sediment sampling methods could
be done at the same time
1.Composite sampling
2.Point-integrated sampling
3.Depth-integrated sampling
a. 1 and 2
b. 1 and 3
c. 2 and 3
d. 1, 2, and 3
e. None

A

Answer: a & b

55
Q

A reservoir has a capacity of 6x106 m3 and a drainage area of 200 km2. Streamflow averages 350mm of runoff per year and sediment production is estimated at 1100 metric tons per km2. How long will it take to reduce the reservoir capacity to 1 x 106 m3. Assuming an average inplace
density of 1500 kg/m3.
a. 41.5 years
b. 40 years
c. 47 years
d. 60 years

A

Answer: a. 41.5 years

56
Q

It is the water retained around individual soil
particles by molecular action and can be
removed only by heating.
a. Permanent wilting point
b. Hygroscopic water
c. Hydrophobic water
d. Microscopic water

A

Answer: c. Hygroscopic water

57
Q

It is the right of each land owner along the
stream which entitles him/her to have the water
flow in its natural channel undermined in
quantity and unpolluted in quality.
a. Appropriation right
b. Riparian right
c. Water right
d. Irrigation right

A

Answer: b. Riparian right

58
Q

The process of determining the stage height,
storage volume and outflow rate from a reservoir
or a stream reach for a particular inflow
hydrograph is called
a. Synthetic hydrograph
b. Flood routing
c. Channel straightening
d. Water conservation

A

Answer: b. Flood routing

59
Q

It is safety valve of a dam. Its main function is
to release surplus or flush flood water which
cannot be contained in the active storage of the
reservoir
a. Free board
b. Spill way
c. Sluiceway
d. Flume

A

Answer: c. Sluiceway

60
Q

Its purpose is to prevent erosion at the toe of the dam
which might result to failure to structure. As water
discharges over an overflow dam most of its potential
energy are converted into kinetic energy thus
producing high velocities and causes erosion at toe of
the structure
a. Apron
b. Flume
c. Weir
d. Spillway

A

Answer: a. Apron

61
Q

The moisture content of the soil when the
gravitational water has been removed
a. Available water
b. Field capacity
c. Permanent wilting point
d. Readily available moisture

A

Answer: b. Field capacity

62
Q

The part of the reservoir (i.e. dam) designed to
store sediments
a. Active storage
b. Useful storage
c. Dead storage
d. Freeboard
e. Intake

A

Answer: c. Dead storage

63
Q

One liter per second is equal to
a. 16.85 gpm
b. 15.5 gpm
c. 15.85 gpm
d. 17.35 gpm

A

Answer: c. 15.85 gpm

64
Q

For a watershed of 360 hectares, the peak runoff
rate for a 0.5 cm/hr rain intensity (at the
time of concentration) was observed at 2.5
m3/s. What is the run-off coefficient?
a. 0.5
b. 5.0
c. 0.005
d. 0.05

A

Answer: a. 0.5

65
Q

A reservoir, with water surface area averaging 6 km2
,
reads 100 m in its monitoring gauge. The reservoir is
being replenished by a 5000-ha watershed wherein
85% of the total rainfall that falls in the watershed
reaches the reservoir. What rainfall depth is needed to
raise the water level of the reservoir by 4 meters?
a. 655 mm
b. 556 mm
c. 565 mm
d. 665 mm
e. 656 mm

A

Answer: c. 565 mm

66
Q

Four liters per second is equal to
a. 14.4 m3
/hr
b. 63.41 gpm
c. Both a and b
d. Neither a nor b

A

Answer: c. both a and b

67
Q

A crop sown with another crop and
harvested separately is called
a. Cover crop
b. Relay crop
c. Inter-tilled Crop
d. Companion crop

A

Answer: d. companion crop

68
Q

A channel having steep slope
a. Flume
b. Chute
c. Main canal
d. Checkgate
e. Lateral canal

A

Answer: b. Chute

69
Q

The distance between adjacent terraces
a. Horizontal distance
b. Vertical distance
c. Horizontal interval
d. Vertical interval

A

Answer: d. Vertical interval

70
Q

Is the elevation or vertical distance of the
free water surface above a datum
a. Stage
b. Depth of flow
c. Channel depth
d. Hydraulic depth
e. Both a and b

A

Answer: a. Stage

71
Q

The following measures accelerates
channel flow, except,
a. Channel deepening
b. Channel straightening
c. Levees
d. Channel widening
e. Vegetative control

A

Answer: e. Vegetative control

72
Q

Involves the arrangement of compost mix in
long, narrow piles that are periodically turned
to maintain aerobic conditions
a. Windrow
b. Conical
c. Granular
d. Silo-type
e. None of the above

A

Answer: a. Windrow

73
Q

Which is a natural or vegetative soil conservation
technology
a. Terracing
b. Mulching
c. Wattling
d. Brush dam
e. Detention structures

A

Answer: b. Mulching

74
Q

These are characteristics of contour maps, except:
a. All points on the same contour have the same
elevation
b. Regardless of slopes, the contour lines are spaced
uniformly.
c. A single contour cannot lie between two contour
lines or higher elevation.
d. Every contour closes upon itself either within or
outside the limits of the map.
e. A contour never splits.

A

Answer: b. Regardless of slopes, the contour lines are
spaced uniformly.

75
Q

Determine the Kinetic energy per unit area,
MJ/ha, if a rainfall event occurring within 10
min has an intensity of 60 mm/hr.
a. 1.75
b. 2.74
c. 3.75
d. 4.75
e. 5.05

A

Answer: b. 2.74

76
Q

Given a total Kinetic energy of 3000 KJ/ha and
rainfall intensity (highest for any 30 mins) of 25
mm/hr, determine the rainfall erossivity (N/hr).
a. 5.25
b. 6.50
c. 7.50
d. 7.75
e. 100.50

A

Answer: c. 7.50

77
Q

A stormwater management facility that
temporarily impounds runoff and discharges it
through a hydraulic outlet structure to a
downstream conveyance system.
a. Detention basin
b. Bioretention basin
c. Catch basin
d. Bioremediation basin

A

Answer: a. Detention basin

78
Q

Type of sediment load along the stream
characterized as sediments that are sometimes
stationary and sometimes carried by the water
along the stream.
a. Saltating load
b. Temporary load
c. Bed load
d. Suspended load

A

Answer: a. Saltating load

79
Q

A small water impounding reservoir with a capacity
of 1,500 cu. m. was constructed on a catchment area
of 100 hectares. If the annual sediment prediction is
4.26 m3/ha, what is the probable life of the reservoir
before its capacity is reduced to 500 cu. m? Assume
trap efficiency of dam of 31%
a. 5.4 years
b. 13.6 years
c. 26.3 years
d. 7.6 years

A

Answer: d. 7.6 years

Yearly Fillage (m3/yr) = Trap Efficiency × total amount of sediment production (m3/yr)

Time of Fillage (yrs) = capacity (m3)/yearly fillage (m3/yr)

80
Q

Side of embankment wetted by the
impounded water
a. Wetted perimeter
b. Upstream face
c. Downstream face
d. Berm
e. crest

A

Answer: b. Upstream face

81
Q

For STW with design discharge of more or less
7.6 Lps and service area of greater than 2 ha,
recommended well/pipe diameter is
a. 2
b. 3
c. 2 or 3
d. 3 or 4
e. 4

A

Answer: d. 3 or 4

82
Q

The following are Gabion Dam construction
considerations, except,
a. Stones should be non-disintegrating and resistant to
abrasion and weathering
b. Correct lacing should be done if there are more than one
layer of boxes.
c. The space behind the dam and wing walls shall be filled with
soil.
d. Shall not be constructed on points where there is mass
movement of soil block
e. The height of a wing wall is equal to the depth of the spillway

A

Answer: d. Shall not be constructed on points where
there is mass movement of soil block

83
Q

Rise in maximum flood level from the original
unobstructed flood level which results due to
obstruction such as check or diversion dam
a. Afflux elevator
b. Reflux elevator
c. Rated elevator
d. Freeboard
e. stage

A

Answer: a. Afflux elevator

84
Q

The type of diversion dam which has a high
discharge efficiency and adaptable to most
sites under normal condition
a. Corewall
b. Gated
c. Glacis
d. Ogee
e. Vertical drop

A

Answer: d. Ogee

85
Q

A small barrier across the direction of water
flow on shallow river and streams to convey
runoff during peak flow.
a. Rockfill dam
b. Diversion dam
c. Check dam
d. Detention dam
e. Any of the above

A

Answer: c. check dam

86
Q

Distance from irrigation area to the community
of concern that is sensitive to contamination
(e.g. when re-using wastewater)
a. Safe zone
b. Buffer zone
c. Setback distance
d. Allowable distance
e. Precautionary distance

A

Answer: c. seatback distance

87
Q

A plot of flow/runoff versus its probability of
occurrence
a. Hydrograph
b. Histogram
c. Rating Curve
d. Flow duration curve

A

Answer: d. Flow duration curve

88
Q

These are natural and vegetative soil
conservation technologies, except
a. Dibble Planting
b. Alley planting
c. Strip planting
d. Wattling
e. mulching

A

Answer: d. Wattling

Part 2 (19 decks)

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