Hydromet Flashcards
The science, which deals with the occurrence, distribution and disposal of water
on the planet earth.
a. Hydrology
b. Hydrometeorology
c. Geology
d. Hydrogeology
e. All of the above
a. Hydrology
The science, which deals with the occurrence, distribution and disposal of water
on the planet earth.
a. Hydrology
b. Hydrometeorology – atmosphere + earth
c. Geology – study of solid earth
d. Hydrogeology – groundwater hydrology
e. All of the above
It is the vertical and horizontal movement of water as either vapor, liquid, or solid between the earth’s surface, subsurface, atmosphere, and oceans.
a. Water Cycle
b. Water Transfer Cycle
c. Hydrologic Cycle
d. All of the above
d. All of the above
It is the vertical and horizontal movement of water as either vapor, liquid, or
solid between the earth’s surface, subsurface, atmosphere, and oceans.
a. Water Cycle
b. Water Transfer Cycle
c. Hydrologic Cycle
d. All of the above
It is the lateral movement of water in the soil.
a. Seepage
b. Infiltration
c. Percolation
d. Runoff
e. None of the above
a. Seepage
It is the lateral movement of water in the soil.
a. Seepage
b. Infiltration – entry of water into soil surface
c. Percolation – vertical movement of water in soil
d. Runoff - water flowing towards lake, river oceans as surface or subsurface
e. None of the above
In which phase in the hydrologic cycle has the highest residence time of water
a. Antarctic ice
b. Groundwater: deep
c. Glaciers
d. Ocean
e. Atmospheric water
b. Groundwater: deep
In which phases in the hydrologic cycle has the highest residence time of water
a. Antarctic ice
b. Groundwater: deep
c. Glaciers
d. Ocean
e. Atmospheric water
Percentage of earth covered by oceans is
a. 31%
b. 51%
c. 71%
d. 97%
e. None of the above
c. 71%
Percentage of earth covered by oceans is
Percentage of total quantity of water in the world that is saline is about
a. 71%
b. 33%
c. 67%
d. 97%
e. None of the above
d. 97%
In the hydrological cycle the average residence time of water in the global
a. Atmospheric moisture is larger than that in global rivers
b. Oceans is smaller than that of the global groundwater
c. Rivers is larger than that of the global groundwater
d. Oceans is larger than that of the global ground water
b. Oceans is smaller than that of the global
groundwater
In the hydrological cycle the average residence time of water in the global
a. Atmospheric moisture is larger than that in global rivers
b. Oceans is smaller than that of the global groundwater
c. Rivers is larger than that of the global groundwater
d. Oceans is larger than that of the global ground water
A watershed has an area of 300ha. Due to a 10cm rainfall event over the watershed, a
streamflow is generated and at the outlet of the watershed it last for 10hrs. Assuming
a runoff/rainfall ratio of 0.2 for this event, the average streamflow rate at the outlet in
the period of 10hrs is,
a. 1.33 m3/sec
b. 1.67 m3/sec
c. 150 m3/min
d. 60,000 m3/hr
e. None of the above
Given
Runoff/rainfall = 0.2
Rainfall = 10cm
Duration of runoff = 10hrs
Area of Basin = 300 ha
𝑅
𝑃
= 0.2
𝑅 = 0.2𝑃 = 0.2 10 = 2𝑐𝑚 this is the depth of runoff
𝑅 = 2𝑐𝑚 convert to flowrate
𝑅 = 0.02𝑚 × 300 ℎ𝑎 ×
10000𝑚2/ℎ𝑎 ×1/10ℎ𝑟𝑠
= 6000 𝑚3/ℎ𝑟
= 1.67 𝑚3/𝑠𝑒c
- Which is not a problem caused by acid rain?
a. Soil acidity
b. Structure corrosion
c. Soil erosion
d. Structure erosion
e. Water acidity
Answer: a. Soil erosion
The atmospheric condition over a short
duration of time
a. Weather
b. Climate
c. Atmospheric zones
d. Atmospheric conditions
e. All of the above
Weather – atmospheric condition over a short duration, particularly the combination of heat, moisture and wind characteristics of the atmosphere in a day
Climate – the total weather condition of an area as
generalized over a long period of time, i.e. seasons,
years, decades
Which of the following affects weather or
climatic condition?
a. Position of the earth
b. Wind systems
c. Ocean currents
d. Land and water masses
e. All of the above
e. All of the above
The kind of climate that prevail over a large
region of the earth’s surface.
a. Macroclimate
b. Mesoclimate
c. Microclimate
d. a or b
e. None of the above
a. Macroclimate
Kinds of climate:
1. Macroclimate – climate that prevail over a large region of the earth’s surface
2. Mesoclimate – areas up to several square miles (e.g.
river valleys, mountain areas, basins &watersheds, shores, urban areas)
3. Microclimate – over short distances, or within few feet or inches (e.g. streets, immediate plant
surroundings, garden plot)
The level/zone of the atmosphere which
contains 4/5 of its mass and where most
clouds form
a. Stratosphere
b. Troposphere
c. Mesosphere
d. Thermosphere
e. Exosphere
b. Troposhere
When the incoming radiation from the sun
strikes an obstruction in the atmosphere, it
becomes
a. Short wave radiation
b. Long wave radiation
c. Greenhouse gas
d. Rainbow
e. Any of the above
Answer: b. Long wave radiation
All are causes of atmospheric optical
phenomena, except
a. Refraction
b. Reflection
c. Diffraction
d. Scattering
e. None of the above
e. none of the above
Atmospheric Optics
All atmospheric optical phenomena are produced when the path of sunlight is obstructed.
The path of light can be obstructed in several ways:
a. Light is scattered in all directions when it passes microscopic particles such as aerosol particles or even air molecules
b. It is reflected from the surface of larger particles such as raindrops and ice crystals.
c. It is refracted (bent) gradually as it travels through the atmosphere, or abruptly as it passes between water and air.
d. It is also diffracted into a field of patterned waves as it skirts around tiny cloud droplets.
e. Finally, it can be absorbed by matter and extinguished.
Which is not an atmospheric optical
phenomena
a. Lightning
b. Rainbow
c. Corona
d. Aurora
e. None of the above
Answer: e. None of the above
Most of the sun’s radiation
a. is absorbed by the atmosphere/clouds
b. is reflected back
c. reach the earth’s surface
d. is lost in space
e. is absorbed by the blackhole
c. reach the earth’s surface
The additional force or acceleration acting on
the motion of bodies in a rotating system of
reference
a. Insolation
b. Albedo
c. Coriolis effect
d. Doppler effect
e. Gravitational effect
Coriolis Effect - additional force or acceleration acting
on the motion of bodies in a rotating system of
reference
The Philippines is under what type of
climate?
a. Semi-arid mid-latitude
b. Semi-arid low-latitude
c. Humid marine
d. Humid archipelagic
e. Tropical
e. tropical
These are large scale seasonal winds and are
the seasonal version of diurnal land and sea
breeze.
a. Fronts
b. Monsoon
c. Cyclone
d. Storms
e. Trade wind
b. monsoon
Winds that blow westward and toward the
equator in both northern and southern
hemisphere
a. Fronts
b. Monsoon
c. Cyclone
d. Storms
e. Trade wind
e. trade winds
Fronts - are air-mass boundaries that lie along line of
low pressure
Cold Front - the cold air advances and the warm air retreats
Warm Front - the warm air advances and the cold air
retreats
Occluded Front - combination of the warm and cold front, where cold air overtakes and lifts the warm front
Stationary Front - temporarily fixed boundary between polar and tropical air masses
Fronts that move in such a way that
the warm air advances and the cold
air retreats.
a. Occluded front
b. Cold front
c. Warm front
d. Stationary front
e. None of the above
c. warm front
Fronts - are air-mass boundaries that lie along line of
low pressure
Cold Front - the cold air advances and the warm air retreats
Warm Front - the warm air advances and the cold air
retreats
Occluded Front - combination of the warm and cold front, where cold air overtakes and lifts the warm front
Stationary Front - temporarily fixed boundary between polar and tropical air
masses
Fronts that move in such a way that
the warm air advances and the cold
air retreats.
a. Occluded front
b. Cold front
c. Warm front
d. Stationary front
e. None of the above
c. warm front
These are large rotating storms with
diameter ranging 100-1600 km, wind
velocity of 120 kph or higher and
accompanied by heavy rains and high tide.
a. Typhoon
b. Hurricane
c. Cyclone
d. Willy-willy
e. All of the above
e. all of the above
Terms for Typhoons:
Typhoon – North and South Pacific
Cyclone – Indian Ocean
Hurricane – in North Atlantic and Carribean Sea
Willy-willy – Australia and Oceania
It is an atmospheric zone near the equator
where the north and south trade winds meet,
varying in position and extent according to
the season.
a. Doldrums
b. ITCZ
c. Fronts
d. a or b
e. b or c
b. ITCZ
Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)
Low pressure area around equator where prevailing winds are calm.
*Convergence of trade winds.
It is an atmospheric zone near the equator
where the north and south trade winds meet,
varying in position and extent according to
the season.
a. Doldrums
b. ITCZ
c. Fronts
d. a or b
e. b or c
b. ITCZ
Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)
Low pressure area around equator where prevailing winds are calm.
*Convergence of trade winds.
Oceanic and atmospheric phenomenon
characterized by unusually warm ocean
current conditions causing climatic
disturbances of varying severity.
a. Fronts
b. Doldrums
c. El Niño
d. Warm ocean breeze
e. Tornadoes
c. El niño
A requisite for the occurrence of a
tornado
a. Wide flat land
b. Low pressure area
c. Warm front
d. Presence of mountains
e. After a rainfall event
a. Wide flat land
Tornadoes - are the fastest most violent winds on earth
- top speed of 110 kph near the ground and stay
about 10 minutes (though a few monster
tornadoes from a mile or more wide and can last
for an hour or more)
Requisites:
✓ warm moist air in the lower atmosphere
✓ much colder and drier air aloft
✓ wide land
✓ something to give the air near the ground an upward shove. (often this is heated air that wants to rise, because it’s lighter that the surrounding air)
An instrument use to measure continuous
record of air temperature.
a. Thermograph
b. Hygrometer
c. Max-min Thermometer
d. Psychrometer
e. Hydrometer
a. Thermograph
Which parameter is not gathered/
monitored in an agromet station?
a. Atmospheric temperature
b. Soil temperature
c. Wind direction
d. Insect infestation
e. Non of the above
e. None of the aboveMajor data collected in a Standard Agromet Station:
- rainfall
- temperature (atmospheric and soil)
- atmospheric pressure
- relative humidity
- wind data
- solar radiation
- evaporation
Phenology – the study of animal and plant life cycle as
affected by seasonal variations of climate
- phenological observations (crop growth and
production data, animal diseases outbreak,
insect population and infestation, etc.)
Is the temperature at which the air, if cooled,
will attain saturation.
a. Kindling temperature
b. Dew point temperature
c. Wet bulb temperature
d. Dry bulb temperature
e. Flash point
b. Dew point temperature
An 8-mm rainfall was recorded by a standard
raingauge (8-in. diameter.). Determine the
height of water in the inner cylinder.
a. 0.8 mm
b. 0.8 cm
c. 80.0 mm
d. 80.0 cm
e. 8 cm
d. 80 mm
The actual rainfall depth is magnified 10 times in
the collecting cylinder.
The diameter of the measuring tube of the
standard 8-in diameter rain gage.
a. 0.8 in
b. 1.6 in
c. 2.53 in
d. 2.83 in
e. 3.25 in
c. 2.53 in
For estimating potential evaporation or
evapotranspiration rate, the anemometer
should be located ________ above the ground.
a. 1 m
b. 2 m
c. 5 m
d. 10 m
e. None of the above
b. 2 m
A rain gage should be located in a flat area
with the orifice approximately _____ above
the ground surface.
a. 1 m
b. 2 m
c. 5 m
d. 10 m
e. None of the above
a. 1 m
Which of the following chemicals may be
used in cloud seeding?
a. Sodium chloride
b. Ammonium nitrate
c. Urea
d. Calcium carbide
e. All of the above
e. All of the above
The condensation into water droplets and sublimation into ice
crystals of atmospheric water vapor generally occur around
condensation or sublimation nuclei.
Principal types of these nuclei
a. Dusts
b. ocean salt
c. products of combustion and oxides of nitrogen
d. Other particulate matter
(less than a micron in diameter)
Is the primary cause of condensation and,
hence, is responsible for most precipitation. It
results mainly from expansion of air mass
produced from a decrease in atmospheric
pressure.
a. Adiabatic cooling
b. Mixing of air masses
c. Contact cooling
d. Radiation cooling
e. None of the above
a. Adiabatic cooling
The initial process in the formation of precipitation is the condensation or sublimation of atmospheric moisture.
Causes of condensation or sublimation
1) adiabatic cooling
2) mixing of air masses of varying temperatures
3) radiation cooling
4) contact cooling
Adiabatic cooling results mainly from expansion of air mass which results from a decrease in atmospheric pressure.
This type of precipitation results from the
differential heating of air masses near the
ground surface resulting in the upward
movement of warmer air masses.
a. Convective precipitation
b. Orographic precipitation
c. Cyclonic precipitation
d. Frontal Precipitation
e. Both c and d
a. Convective precipitation
1. Convective Precipitation
This type of precipitation results from the differential heating of air masses near the ground surface resulting in the upward movement of warmer air masses.
A heated air mass moving upward is cooled down by the surrounding air and by the expansion process. Cooling brings about condensation
which may develop into precipitation.
A hydrologic data series which considers only
the largest value of a given year
a. Annual series
b. Partial duration series
c. Daily series
d. Monthly series
e. Seasonal series
a. Annual series
a. Annual Series
- only the largest event for each year is selected for analysis
Application:
When the design is controlled by the most critical condition, such as the design of spillway, the annual series should be used.
b. Partial Duration Series
All values above a given base are chosen regardless of the number within a given time period.
* The annual and partial duration series give essentially identical results for recurrence intervals
greater than ten years.
Application:
An example is the design of farm drainage in which the damage may be due to the extent of flooding, which in turn may be caused by associated peak flows.
A type of weir used when accurate
measurement of low streamflow is required.
a. Broad-crested
b. Sharp-crested
c. Flume
d. Sluice
e. None of the above
b. Sharp-crested
