Swallowing - anatomy

Question 1

The extrinsic tongue muscles (except the palatoglossus) are all innervated by which cranial nerve?

Answer 1

CN XII Hypoglossal

Question 2

Which nerve innervates the palatoglossus muscle?

Answer 2

CN X Vagus

Question 3

What do the extrinsic muscles of the tongue do?

Answer 3

Change the position of the tongue?

Question 4

What do the intrinsic muscles of the tongue do?

Answer 4

Change the shape of the tongue

Question 5

The velar muscles are primarily innervated by which cranial nerve?

Answer 5

CN X Vagus and the pharyngeal plexus (CN IX Glossopharyngeal and CN X Vagus

Question 6

Soft palate is pulled down to the tongue by which muscle?

Answer 6

palatoglossus (anterior faucial arch #3)

Question 7

Which muscles move to close off the nasopharynx during swallowing?

Answer 7

velum (palatopharyngeus (posterior faucial arch), levator veli palatini, tensor veli palatini), superior pharyngeal constrictor

Question 8

The constrictors form which walls of the pharynx?

Answer 8

posterior and lateral walls

Question 9

What do the longitudinal muscles of the pharynx do during swallowing?

Answer 9

shorten the pharynx

Question 10

What is a cricopharyngeal bar?

Answer 10

what shows up on an MBS when the PES doesn’t relax during swallowing – can see it protruding

Question 11

Which muscles make up the PES?

Answer 11

cricopharyngeal muscle (primarily)
posterior edge of inferior pharyngeal constrictor
superior circular esophageal muscles

(apparently the first two are the same thing?

Question 12

The suprahyoid muscles are innervated by which nerves?

Answer 12

CN V trigeminal (mylohyoid)
CN XII Hypoglossal (geniohyoid)
CN VII Facial (stylohyoid)

Question 13

Salivary glands are innervated by which nerves?

Answer 13

CN VII facial and CN IX Glossopharyngeal

Question 14

Larynx is innervated by which nerve?

Answer 14

Supraglottic sensory innervation – Superior laryngeal nerve
Motor innervation and subglottic sensory innervation - Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve
both are branches of CN X Vagus

Question 15

What does CN V Trigeminal do?

Answer 15

Motor: jaw open to resistance, jaw lateralization, bite supra hyoid
Sensory: sensory to face, hard palate, anterior tongue

Question 16

What does CN VII Facial do?

Answer 16

Motor: facial muscles, flatten cheeks, lateralize lips, salivary glands, suprahyoids
sensory: taste to anterior 2/3 of tongue, sensory to palate and adjacent pharyngeal wall

Question 17

What does CN IX Glossopharyngeal do?

Answer 17

Motor: gag reflex, pharyngeal constrictors, salivary glands
Sensory: gag reflex, onset of swallow, taste and sensation to posterior 1/3 of the tongue

Question 18

What does CN X Vagus do?

Answer 18

Motor: vocal quality, volitional cough, palate, pharynx, larynx, esophagus
Sensory: reflexive cough, tonsils, pharynx, soft palate, vallecula, larynx
most important for swallowing!

Question 19

What does CN XII Hypoglossal do?

Answer 19

motor: tongue, suprahyoid