Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PHRM 845: Therapeutics III > Svensons Sections > Flashcards

Svensons Sections Flashcards

1
Q

What are psychostimulants?

A
  • Activate the CNS resulting in alertness, excitation and elevated mood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the most used illegal drug in 2018?

A
  • Marijuana
  • Cocaine, ecstasy, meth, crack, herion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the roles within the Mesolimbic dopamine system?

A
  • Prefrontal Cortex [planning, judgement]
  • Hippocampus [Memory, Learning]
  • Amygdala [Fear, Emotion]
  • NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS [Reward]
  • VTA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are some of the pathways that drugs can have abusive effects on the dopamine reward system?

A
  • Nicotine [VTA: DA, Opioid peptide +]
  • Opiates [VTA: GABA - & NAc -]
  • Stimulants [Release DA from VTA to NAc]
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is Nicotine MOA?`

A
  • Activates Acetylcholinergic receptor
  • Na enters; K exits = Action Potential
  • 12 units
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the difference between Acetylcholine and Nicotine?

A
  • BOTH have charged groups and H-Bond groups
  • Nicotine can cross the membrane [weak base] & not degraded by ACHE
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the partial agonist therapy for Nicotine?

A
  • Release of Dopamine
  • HIGHLY ADDICTIVE
  • Varenicline: Partial Agonist - low efficacy and binds tightly
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are some of the commonly abused psychostimulants?

A
  • MDMA [Ecstacy], Meth, Methylphenidate, Cocaine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why is Pseudoephedrine kept behind the counter?

A
  • Being able to reduce the OH to H = Meth
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the MOA for cocaine?

A
  • Antagonist of Amine Transporters [DAT, SERT, NERT]
  • DAT>SERT>NET
  • Increases DA concentration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the MOA for Methamphetamine, Ecstacy & Bath Salts?

A
  • Compete for reuptake
  • Block DA reuptake
  • PUSH OUT DA from vesicles
  • Activates TAAR1 - Reverse transport
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are some of the clinical effects of Methamphetamine abuse/

A
  • Neurologic: Delirium, tremor
  • Psych: Anxiety, Paranoia, Hallucination, Delusions
  • ENT: Profuse Dental decay [“Meth Mouth”]
  • Cardio: Tachycardia, Hypertension/Vasospams
  • Skin: Diaphoresis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is important to know about the brain within a METH abuser??

A
  • Measures: [11C]d-thero-methylphenidate
  • DA receptors are down-regulated [might cause addictions]
  • Recovery of DA receptors means that homeostasis has returned
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Can low dose psychostimulant improve performance?

A
  • Low Dose = cognitive enhancement
  • Higher Dose = Addiction and Cognitive Deficit
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the Sympathomimetic Toxidrome?

A
  • MATHS
  • Mydriasis
  • Agitation, arrhythmia, angina
  • Tachycardia
  • Seizure, sweating
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the key component that is found within Cannabis?

A
  • Delta 9 - TetraHydroCannabinol
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the difference between Hemp and Marijuana?

A
  • Hemp: 0.3% or less of THC needed [groen for agricultural products
  • Marijuana: 15 - 20% of THC
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is important to know about the legalization of marijuana?

A
  • Still a Schedule I under Federal Controlled Substance Act
  • Farm Bill of 2018 is passed = legalizing hemp
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is important to know about Delta 8 - THC?

A
  • It has 25% of the psycostimulant of Delta 9 and is NOT illegal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is Synthetic Marijuana?

A
  • Agents that are potent than THC - gets sprayed onto the drugs
  • “spice”
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are some of the signs and symptoms of Acute Cannabis Intoxication?

A
  • Perceptual [Slowing, Illusions..]
  • Affective [Euphoria., Anxiety, Disinhibition]
  • Cognitive [Suspiciousness, Impaired Reaction time]
  • Physical [Tachycardia, Hypotension, Dry Mouth][
22
Q

What are the parts of the Endocannabinoids Systems [ECS]?

A
  • Receptors [CB1 & CB2]
  • Ligands [Anandamide & 2-AG]
  • Transporter [EMT]
  • Enzymes [FAAH, MAGL, DAG]
23
Q

What do Endocannabinoids and phytocannabinoids do within the receptor?

A
  • Retrograde Regulators - inhibiting the release of GABA and Glutamine
  • THC = PARTIAL AGONIST
  • SYNTHETHIC = FULL AGONIST
24
Q

Where are CB1 expressed the most?

A
  • In the brain
  • Low levels respiratory centers of the brainsteam = <respiratory depression; coma
25
Q

Where are CB2 expressed the most?

A
  • in the periphery
  • Help with immune regulation
26
Q

What are some of the FDA approved cannabinoid drugs?

A
  • Marinol [Synthetic Delta 9 - THC in sesame oil]; Counters loss of appetite
  • Nabilone [Anti-emetic in cancer patients]
27
Q

What are the challenges with medical marijuana use?

A
  • Lack of product quality control
  • Absence of adequate study for ADR
  • Highly politicized
  • Growing influcances
28
Q

What is the Pharmacology and use for Cannabidiol [CBD]?

A
  • Low affinity for CB receptors
  • Antagonize THC at CB1
  • For Pain - not good data
29
Q

What is Cannabidiol approved for?_

A
  • Rare Seizure Disorder [Dravet Syndrome and Lennox-Gastust Syndrome]
30
Q

What is Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome?

A
  • Episodes of using cannabis causing nausea/vominting and stomach pain
  • Treatment: cannabis cessation, Benzo, Haloperidol, Capsaicin
31
Q

What is the mechanism of action for capsaicin for cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome?

A
  • Substance P activates NK-1R = N/V
  • TRPV-1 [heat] decreases Substance P
  • Cannabis downregulates TRPV-1 = N/V
  • Capsaicin activates TRPV-1 = - N/V
32
Q

What are Psychedelics?

A
  • Agents that produce non-ordinary and variable forms of conscious experinces
33
Q

What is a delusion?

A
  • Fixed, False belief unresponsive to logic [Paranoia]
34
Q

What is a hallucination?

A
  • A false perception arising from internal stimuli [False Reality]
35
Q

What is an illusion?

A
  • A misperception of external stimuli [Distortion]
36
Q

What are the two classes of Psychedelics?

A
  • Classical & Dissociative
37
Q

What are the Classical Psychedelic Drugs?

A
  • Phenethylamine [Mescaline, MDA, MDMA, Psilocin]
  • Tryptamine [DMT, LSD, Ibogaine, 5-MeO-DiPT]
38
Q

What is the mechanism of action of the classical psychedelic?

A
  • Agonist of Serotonin receptor [Increasing Glutamate and BDNF]
  • Pretreatment with Serotonin antagonists BLOCKS effects
39
Q

What are the adverse effects of the Psychedelic drugs used?

A
  • Short Term: Tachycardia, Hypertension, Tremors, Dry Mouth, Nausea, Hyperthermia
  • Acute Reaction: Terrifying thoughts, Fear of …]
  • Psychotic Reactions: Flashbacks, Psychosis
40
Q

What is the Mechanism of Actions for Dissociative Psychedelics>

A
  • Inhibition of GABA release
  • Disinhibition of Glutamate Release
41
Q

What are the Prominent NMDA receptor antagonists>?

A
  • Induces anesthesia AND analgesia
  • Ketamine and Dextromethorphan
42
Q

What is important to know about Ketamine?

A
  • “Special K”
  • S + is more active
  • Used in opioid tolerant patients for pain
43
Q

What is important to know about Dextrimethorphan?

A
  • Abused by 4% of high schoolers
  • Low dose = cough supporession; High Dose = “High”
44
Q

What is the Pharmacology of Phencyclidine [PCP]?

A
  • Mort potent than Ketemine [NMDA Antagonist] & Dopamine [D2 Agonist]
  • Cigarette dipped in liquid PCP to get high
  • Self Mutilation without recognition is a side effect
45
Q

What is the Pharmacology of Muscimol?

A
  • Agonist of GABAa that induces dissociative psychedelic effects
  • Gets decarboxylated to active form
46
Q

What are the type of Psychoactive inhalants?

A
  • Liquids [Paint Thinner, Gas, Glue, Markers]
  • Aerosols [Spray Paint, Deodorant, Hair Spray]
  • Gases [Chloroform, Nitrous Oxide, Butane]
  • Nitrites [Leather Cleaner, Room Deodorizer]
47
Q

What are the ways that Inhalants can be misused?

A
  • Sniffing, Huffing, Bagging, Dusting
48
Q

What is the pharmacology of Alkyl Nitrites?

A
  • “Poppers”
  • Cleaning solutions & Room Deodorizers
  • Abused among gay men [Relaxes Anal Sphincter, Enhanced Erection, Euphoria]
49
Q

What is the pharmacology of Volatile Solvents?

A
  • Liquids at Room Temp and vapor when exposed to air
  • Toluene, Acetone, Benzene, Butane
50
Q

What are the clinical effects of volatile solvents?

A
  • Acute effects: Locomotor, Euphoria
  • High Doses: CNS Depression, Slurred Speech, weakness, sedation
51
Q

What is the risk of Inhalant abuse?

A
  • Asphyxiation, Suffocation, Seizures, Coma, Choking, fatal Injury

PHRM 845: Therapeutics III (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions