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exam health and human development > sustainable development goals > Flashcards

sustainable development goals Flashcards

1
Q

sustainable development goals (SDGs)

A

global goals of 169 targets set to be achieved by 2030.

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2
Q

SDGs five areas of importance for humanity and the planet

A
  • people
  • planet
  • partnership
  • peace
  • prosperity
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3
Q

rationale for the SDGs

A
  • a new set of goals and targets were needed when the millennium development goals (MDGs) finished in 2015
  • progress in all areas were uneven across regions and countries leaving millions of people behind
  • new global challenges had emerged that needed to be considered
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4
Q

objectives of the SDGs

A
  • end extreme poverty
  • fight inequality and injustice
  • address climate change
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5
Q

tropical diseases

A

a group of diseases that mainly occur in tropical and subtropical environments and are most common in countries where people lack access to safe water and sanitation.

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6
Q

essential medicines

A

a range of medicines that meet the priority healthcare needs of the population.

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7
Q

SDG3

A

good health and wellbeing

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8
Q

SDG3 aim

A

to promote physical and mental health and wellbeing and extend life expectancy by addressing the major causes of morbidity and mortality in high, middle and low income countries.

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9
Q

features of SDG3

A
  • reducing maternal mortality to fewer than 70% per 100k live births
  • end preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5 reducing neonatal mortality to 12% per 1k live births and u5m to 25% per 1k live births
  • end the epidemic of AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, and neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), and compat hepatitis, waterbourne diseases and other communicable diseases
  • reduce premature mortality from non communicable diseases through prevention and treatment and promote mental health and wellbeing
  • strengthen the prevention and treatment of substance abuse, including drugs and alcohol
  • halve global deaths and inkiry from road traffic accidents
  • reduce deaths and illnesses from harardous chemicals and air, water and soil pollution and contamination
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10
Q

SDG3 actions

A
  • achieving universal health coverage
  • ensuring adequate and well trained health workforce in every country
  • having access to essential medicines and vaccines
  • having access to sexual and reproductive healthcare services
  • strengthening implementation of the WHO Framework Convention on tobacco control in all countries
  • supporting the research and development of vaccines and medicines for communicable and non communicable diseases
  • increase investment in healthcare services and qualifies healthcare staff, especially in low income and small island developing states
  • strengthen capacity of all countries for early warning, risk reduction and management of health and wellbeing risks
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11
Q

reasons for improvement in maternal mortality rates

A
  • access to sexual and reproductive health and wellbeing services such as antenatal care
  • more births are being are being assisted by skilled health personnel
  • fewer adolescent girls are having children
  • greater access to modern contraceptive methods or family planning services enables families to plan number of children and spacing of birth
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12
Q

ending preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5

A
  • providing access to sexual and reproductive services
  • breastfeeding
  • provision of nutritious foods
  • provision of safe water
  • access to imunisation
  • increased investment in healthcare services and provision of universal health coverage
  • funding of research and development into new vaccines to prevent disease
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13
Q

reasons for improvements in AIDs / HIVs

A
  • investment in health services
  • ongoing research and development for better ways to diagnose disease and cheaper medicines
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14
Q

ending the AIDs epidemic

A
  • access to prevention services
  • access to diagnosis
  • investment in healthcare services
  • investment in ART treatment
  • research and development into a vaccine
  • removing barriers to discrimination
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15
Q

malaria

A

a life threatening disease caused by the bite from a female mosquito infected with malaria parasites.

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16
Q

ending malaria epidemic

A
  • investment in healthcare and the health workforce
  • increased access to diagnosis, treatment and prevention
  • mass distribution of insecticide treated bed nets
  • investment in research and development of new vector control strategies
  • increased access to indoor residual spraying
  • more effective medicines
  • access to clean water and sanitation
  • reduce risks caused by conflict
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17
Q

tuberculosis (TB)

A

a disease that affects the lungs.

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18
Q

ending the tuberculosis epidemic

A
  • provision of universal health coverage
  • increased funding for health and wellbeing services
  • more trained health workers
  • improved reporting
  • research and development to improve diagnosis
  • research and development for more effective drugs and vaccines
  • access to clean water and sanitation
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19
Q

neglected tropical diseases (NTDs)

A

a diverse group of 18 diseases that mainly occur in tropical and subtropical environments.

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20
Q

parasitic conditions responsible for morbidity and disability

A
  • schistosmiasis
  • tachoma
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21
Q

schistosomiasis

A

a worm infection that occurs when people swim, bathe or have contact with fresh water that is contaminated with human exreta.

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22
Q

trachoma

A

a bacterial infection of the eye that can cause complications including blindness.

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23
Q

endinf the epidemic of NTDs

A
  • universal health coverage for diagnosis, treatment and medication
  • research and development for new safe and effective drugs
  • cost effective diagnostic tests
  • new forms of non resistant insecticides
  • vector control
  • veterinary public health measures
  • accurate mapping of diseases
  • access to clean water and sanitation
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24
Q

vector control

A

actions taken to control and eradicate the carriers of disease and infection.

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25
Q

hepatitis

A

the inflammation of the liver caused by viral infection.

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26
Q

types of hepatitis

A
  • type a
  • type b
  • type c
  • type d
  • type e
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27
Q

hepatitis a and e

A

food and waterborne infection
- communities with contaminated water and poor sanitation

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28
Q

hepatitis b and c

A

blood borne infections
- unsafe injections
- b can be transferred from mothers to babies
- b and c are common causes of liver cancer

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29
Q

hepatitis d

A

blood borne
- transmitted through contact with infected blood through people who are infected with type b

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30
Q

ending hepatitis

A
  • universal health coverage
  • large scale vaccination programs for hepatitis a, b, e
  • access to clean water and sanitation
  • safe practicies in healthcare settings for blood and surgical safety
  • expansion of hepatitis c prevention programs
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31
Q

preventing premature mortality from non communicable diseases (NCDs)

A
  • implementing taxes on alcohol and tobacco
  • implementing Framework Convention on Tobacco Control
  • include easy to understand labelling
  • encourage regular physical activity
  • tax sugar sweetened drinks and remove them from schools
  • increase funding to provide universal health coverage
  • expand health promotion services especially in low and middle income countries
  • create health promoting environments
  • invest in research and development for prevention and control
  • monitor trends
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32
Q

reducing road traffic incidents

A
  • coordinated approach from the transport sector
  • good road infrastructure
  • vehicles on the road are safe and in good working condition
  • education, healthy public policy and law enforcement are needed to modify driver behaviour
  • emergency services and quality healthcare are needed to ensure that those who are injured can receive immediate and long term treatment
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33
Q

reducing BOD from alcohol and drugs

A
  • enforcement of legislation
  • provision of resources for prevention and treatment of alcohol and drug disorders
  • access more accurate data
  • international cooperation to address illegal movement of drugs and alcohol between countries
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34
Q

reducing death and illness from environmental pollution

A
  • decreasing reliance on fossil fuels and increasing access to clean fuels and access to efficient technology
  • governments need to provide incentives for use of clean energy
  • access to safe water and adequate sanitation as well as promoting hand washing can reduce death from diarrhoeal diseases
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35
Q

sector

A

a section of society.

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36
Q

sectors needed to improve h/w and HD

A
  • education
  • transport
  • agriculture
  • legal
  • government
  • water and sanitation
  • finance
  • energy
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37
Q

SDG1

A

NO POVERTY

aims to end poverty in all its forms by 2030.

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38
Q

effects of SDG1 on HW and HD

A
  • poverty can arise due to discrimination and social exclusion
    -> women, youth, elderly, migrants and those with disability are often poor because of discimination
    -> women are more likely than men to live in poverty than men because…
    -> women lack opportunities to participate in making decisions that affect their lives
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39
Q

link between SDG3 and SDG1

A
  • governments of poor countries do not invest resources to provide public HW services such as health promotion programs which affect an individual’s aility to enjoy good HW
  • target of providing universal health coverage as part of SDG3 helps to end poverty by ensuring all people have access to essential medicines, vaccines and healthcare services at affordable prices
  • collaborative approaches are needed to end poverty to achieve good HW
    -> strategies put i place to reduce risks from natural disasters and outbreaks of disease
    -> minimise impact of events and ensure people do not experience poverty from events
    -> social protection measures
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40
Q

SDG2

A

ZERO HUNGER

aims to end all forms of hunger and malnutrition by ensuring that everyone has access to nutritious food.

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41
Q

food security

A

the state in which all persons obtain nutritionally adequate, culturally appropriate, safe food regularly through non emergency local sources.

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42
Q

impact of hunger on HW and HD

A
  • hunger weakens immune system and children are too weak to fight off disease
  • children suffering from hunger have increased frequency and severity of diseases such as pneumonia, measles
  • iron deficiencies during pregnancy can lead to maternal death and impair children’s physical and cognitive development -> lead to discriminaiton and stigma, impeding on ability to develop long lasting relationships
  • vitamin a deficiency can lead to blindness, poor immune function, reduced cell function needed for normal grouwth
  • can lead to poverty as it reduces ability to work and learn
  • without food people are unable to achieve a decent standard of living
  • hunger disables people from living long and healthy loves
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43
Q

links between SDG3 and SDG2

A
  • improved access to nutritious foods
    -> contributes to reductions in u5 and maternal mortality rates
    -> means children are at reduced risk of contracting and dying from communicable diseases

achieving good HW contributes to zero hunger
-> as adults who enjoy good HW are able to work and produce their own food for family or earn an income
-> earning an income means families can purchase healthy food to eat, helping to reduce levels of hunger

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44
Q

SDG4

A

QUALITY EDUCATION

addresses the need for girls and boys to have equal access to high quality education at all levels.

45
Q

impact of education on HW and HD

A
  • education provides opportunities for employment -> families can purchase necessities
  • educated women are married later, less likely to experience sexual violence and protect themselves from HIV/AIDs -> improved physical HW
  • education and employment can provide a sense of belonging (spiritual HW)
  • education increases knowledge and skills, creating opportunities for employment and increases choices
  • when people are more educated, they are more likely to have an interest and participae in decisions impacting the community
  • education for girls helps to ensure equity in opportunity and increases ability to make choices and live lifeaccording to needs and interests
46
Q

links between SDG4 and SDG3

A
  • quality education can enable people to improve their lives and achieve good HW
  • good HW is needed to attain high levels of education to increase opportunities for employment and income
  • poor HW decreases ability to attend school
  • educated and skilled workforces increase economic growth
  • educating women and girls result in falling fertility rates and stable population growth -> fewer but healthier children
47
Q

SDG5

A

GENDER EQUALITY

aims to end discrimination and violence against women and girls by addressing barriers that exist to gender equality.

48
Q

gender equality

A

where men and women have the same level of cotnrol over all aspects of their lives.

49
Q

impact of gender equality on HW and HD

A
  • violence results in injuries and can sometimes result in death -> foster fear and reduce mental, spiritual and social health
  • girls can have equal access to education and gain employment
  • enables women to take part in decisions that affect their lives
50
Q

links between SDG5 and SDG3

A
  • actions taken to achieve gender equality empower women and girls -> important for economic growth to end poverty and promote good HW
  • small loans to women in Bangladesh have shown to increase family income twise as much as similar to loans to men
  • water and sanitation systems controlled by women have been shown to be more sustainable and effective than those controlled by men -> contributes to good HW for all members of the community and for all ages
51
Q

SDG6

A

CLEAN WATER AND SANITATION

ensuring tht all people can enjoy clean water and adequate sanitation.

52
Q

impact of clean water and sanitation on HW and HD

A
53
Q

links between SDG6 and SDG3

A
54
Q

SDG13

A

CLIMATE ACTION

taking urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts.

55
Q

impact of climate action on HW and HD

A
56
Q

links between SDG13 and SDG3

A
57
Q

WHO’s vision

A

a world in which all people achieve the highest possible standard of health.

58
Q

WHO’s mission

A

promote health, keep the world safe and serve the vulnerable.

59
Q

main principles of WHO’s work

A
  1. the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is one of the fundamental rights of every human being without distinction of race, religion, political beliefs, economic or social condition
  2. the health of all people is fundamental to the attainment of peace and security is dependent on the fullest cooperation of individuals and states
  3. unequal development in different countries in the promotion of health and control of diseases, especially communicable disease is a common danger
60
Q

core functions of WHO

A
  • provide leadership and create partnerships to promote health and wellbeing
  • conduct research and provide health and wellbeing information
  • set norms and standards to promote and monitor their implementation
  • develop policies to assist countries to take action to promote health and wellbeing
  • promote technical support and help build sustainable health systems
  • monitor health and wellbeing and assess health and wellbeing trends
61
Q

WHO priorities

A
  • achieving universal health coverage
  • addressing health emergencies
  • promoting healthier populations
62
Q

universal health coverage

A

every country having a strong and resilient people centred health system based on primary care, health promotion and disease prevention.

63
Q

achieving universal health coverage priority

A

focuses on providing access to essential healthcare services, including medicines and vaccines at a cost that is affordable for all.

64
Q

achieving universal health coverage (seven main areas)

A
  1. service access and quality
  2. health workforce
  3. access to medicines, vaccines and health products
  4. governance and finance
  5. health information systems
  6. advocacy
  7. country support
65
Q

addressing health emergencies priority

A

aligned to implementation target of strengthening the capacity for early warning, risk reduction and management of HW risks.

66
Q

addressing health emergencies (two main areas)

A
  1. building and sustaining resilient national, regional and global capacities necessary to keep the world safe from epidemics and other health emergencies
  2. ensuring people affected by health emergencies have quick access to essential life saving health services including health promotion and disease prevention
67
Q

promoting healthier populations priority

A

focuses on the achievement of the HW in SDG3, aiming to decrease maternal, child and newborn mortality rates, reduce diseases such as HIV, tuberculosis, malaria and NTD as well as promote HW across all life spans.

68
Q

promoting healthier populations (five main areas)

A
  1. improving human capital across the lifespan
  2. accelerating action on preventing non communicable diseases and promoting mental health
  3. acclerating elimination and eradication of high impact communicable diseases
  4. tackling antimicrobial resistance
  5. addressing health effects of climate chantge in small island developing states and other vulnerable states
69
Q

aid

A

assistance given to countries or communities in the event of a crisis or for the development of long term sustainable improvements.

70
Q

oficial development assistance (ODA)

A

financial assistance provided by donor government agencies to low and medium income countries or to multilateral aid agencies also known as aid.

71
Q

types of aid

A
  • emergency / humanitarian aid
  • bilateral aid
  • multilateral aid
  • non government organisation aid
72
Q

emergency aid

A

rapid assistance given to people or countries in immediate distress to relieve suffering during and after emergencies such as wars and antural disasters.

73
Q

sustainable development

A

development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

74
Q

purpose of emergency aid

A

short term assistance designed to address immediate needs and keep people alive

75
Q

examples of emergency aid

A
  • providing food, clothing, healthcare and shelter following a natural disaster such as an earthquake
  • providing health workers or emergency service wrokers to assist after a country has been affected by a cyclone
76
Q

bilateral aid

A

the provision of aid from the government of one country to the government of another country.

77
Q

purpose of bilateral aid

A

helps to reduce poverty and bring about long term sustainable development by helping governments of recipient countries to strengthen their economic, political, health and education systems and eventually become self sufficient.

78
Q

examples of bilateral aid

A
  • supporting large infrastructure projects
  • funding small community based projects such as immunisation programs
79
Q

multilateral aid

A

provided through an international organisation such as the World Bank, United Nations or WHO, combining donations from several countries and then distributing them to recipients.

80
Q

purpose of multilateral aid

A

contributes to the achievement of equity in HW and promotes HD>

81
Q

examples of multilateral aid

A
  • addressing global issues such as global warming, control of diseases such as COVID19 and major infrastructure projects such as roads and sanitation systems
  • provides emergency relief through programs such as the the World Food Programme
82
Q

non government organisations (NGOs)

A

non profit organisations that work to promote HW and HD, operating separately to governments.

83
Q

non government organisation aid

A

aid provided by NGOs with a focus on smaller community based projects that are targeted to meet basic HW needs and promote community development and participation.

84
Q

who runs AUS aid program

A

Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT)
- acts to promtoe HD by working to reduce povery in low and middle income countries
- purpose is to promote national interests by contributing to sustainable economic growth and poverty reduction

85
Q

private sector

A

a part of a country’s economic system that is run by individuals and companes, rather than the government.

86
Q

features of AUS aid program

A
  • promote national interests by contributing to sustainable economic growth and poverty reduction
  • provision of Official Development Assistance (0.22% of GNI)
  • indo pacific region is the focus of AUS aid
87
Q

how does the aid program assist in achievement of SDGs

A
  • private sectors creates jobs needed in the country
  • promotes economic growth and poverty reduction
  • improves education and health and achieves gender equality
88
Q

why is the indo pacific region a focus of AUS aid program

A
  • there are many people living in poverty in those regions
  • countries are affected by conflict which has potential to directly affect national and security interests
  • proximity to aus
  • stronger growth, prosperity and stability in region will be beneficial to AUS
89
Q

AUS aid partnership

A

government works with other government departments and agencies, non government organisations, businesses and community groups in AUS and overseas to deliver the aid program

90
Q

AUS aid bilateral aid

A
  • through DFAT, provides bilateral aid directly to 75 countries including Inonesia
  • funding, donations of material resources, training and advice
  • e.g. programs run in Papua New Guinea focused on improving lives of women and girls through investments
91
Q

AUS aid multilateral aid

A
  • 1/3 of AUS budget dedicated to multilateral aid
  • provides international aid prorams such as UNICEF to run programs and support low and middle income countries
    -> green climate fund
92
Q

AUS aid emergency aid

A
  • stockpiles of relief items in AUS and overseas to give assistance in saving lives
  • works with other multilateral and NGO partners
93
Q

AUS aid NGOs and volunteers

A

funded NGOs to deliver aid programs to people in need

94
Q

AUS aid priorities

A
  • infrastructure, trade facilitation and international competitiveness
  • agriculture, fisheries and water
  • education and health
  • gender equality and empowering women and girls
  • effective governance: policies, institutions and functioning economies
  • building resilience: humanitarian assistance, disaster risk reduction and social protection
95
Q

infrastructure (aus aid priority)

A
  • construction of schools and medical facilities
  • building water and sanitation systems
  • improved ICT infrastructure
96
Q

trade facilitation (aus aid priority)

A
  • identify barriers and develop solutions for international trade
  • promote trade agreements and opportunities to develop solutions for international trade
97
Q

international competitiveness (aus aid priority)

A
  • develop expertise in global trade policy and practice
  • provide microfinance
98
Q

features of effective aid programs

A
  • ownership by recipient county
  • results focused
  • partnerships
  • transparency and shared responsibility
99
Q

ownership

A

countries receiving aid must be involved in deciding the type of aid that will best suit their needs.

100
Q

partnership

A

participation and collaboration of all stakeholders.

  • government of donor country
  • government of recipient country
  • multilateral agency
  • NGOs
  • local community
101
Q

focuses on results

A

works to address patterns of disease and illness as well as reduce poverty and inequality.

102
Q

transparency and accountability

A

information is published and openly available, funding it used for its purpose, regular monitoring against program aids.

103
Q

programs addressing SDG1

A
104
Q

programs addressing SDG2

A
105
Q

programs addressing SDG3

A
106
Q

programs addressing SDG4

A
107
Q

programs addressing SDG5

A
108
Q

programs addressing SDG6

A
109
Q

programs addressing SDG13

A

exam health and human development (4 decks)

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