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exam health and human development > health and wellbeing in a global context > Flashcards

health and wellbeing in a global context Flashcards

1
Q

purpose of economic characteristics of countries

A

grouped together for purpose of guiding policies and interventions that may improve the level of health and wellbeing experienced

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2
Q

primary production

A

the process of producing natural products for human use such as plants and animals.

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3
Q

subsistence farming

A

self sufficient farming carried out by individuals to provide food for themselves and their family.

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4
Q

gross national income (GNI)

A

the total value of goods and services a country’s citizens produce, including the value of income earned by citizens who may be working overseas.

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5
Q

characterisitics of high, middle and low income countries

A
  • economic
  • evironmental
  • social
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6
Q

economic characteristics

A
  • levels of poverty
  • average incomes
  • opportunities for global trade
  • range of industries
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7
Q

extreme poverty

A

living on less than US$1.90 per day.

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8
Q

purchasing power parity (PPP)

A

a way to compare countries that have different currencies and costs of living.

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9
Q

gross domestic product (GDP)

A

a measure that reflects the economic state of a country.

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10
Q

relative poverty

A

those living on less than 50% of their country’s average income.

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11
Q

social characteristics

A
  • levels of gender equality
  • development of legal systems
  • access to technology
  • development of health systems
  • development of social security systems
  • levels of education
  • levels of employment
  • birth rates and population growth
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12
Q

gender equality

A

males and females having equal rights, responsibilities and opportunities.

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13
Q

environmental characteristics

A
  • food
  • water and sanitation
  • adequate housing
  • infrastructure
  • carbon dioxide emissions
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14
Q

urban slums

A

a settlement, neighbourhood or region, comprised of housing that does not provide the essential conditions required to live a healthy life.

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15
Q

communicable diseases

A

infectious diseases that are transmitted from the environment including air.

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16
Q

malaria

A

a communicable disease that is transmitted via infected mosquitoes.

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17
Q

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

A

an infection that results in the gradual depletion and weakening of the immune system, resulting in increases susceptibility to to other infections such as pneumnia and tuberculosis.

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18
Q

acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)

A

the most advanced stage of HIV infection.

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19
Q

non communicable diseases

A

conditions that are usually long lasting and generally progress slowly.

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20
Q

double burden of disease

A

conditions associated with both poverty and wealth existing side by side in one community such as undernutrition and obesity.

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21
Q

similarities between low and high income countries

A
  • considerable variations exist within each country, reagrdless of income group
  • life expectancy is increasing in all income groups
    -infrant, u5 and maternal mortality rates are decreasing in all income groups
  • non communicable diseases account for the greatest proportion of deaths in all countries
  • rates of obesdity and associated conditions are increasing in all income groups
22
Q

differences between low and high income countries

A
  • life expectancy fluctuates more in low and middle income countries in comparison to high income countries
  • life expectancy is considerably higher in high income countries compared to low income countries
  • mortality rates increase as average income decreases
  • mortality rates due to infectious diseases such as malaria and HIV are low in high income countries
  • rate of YLD increases as average income increases
  • rate of DALY and YLL increase as average income decreases
23
Q

factors contributing to health status and burden of disease

A
  • access to safe water
  • global distribution and marketing of tobacco, alcohol and processed foods
  • sanitation
  • inequality and discrimination
  • poverty
24
Q

how poverty affects health status and burden of disease

A
  • government services, social protection measures and infrastructure
  • nutritious food
  • access to clean water and sanitation
  • education
  • healthcare
  • housing
25
Q

safe water

A

water that is not contaminated with disease causing pathogens such as bacteria, viruses or chemicals such as lead or mercury.

26
Q

safe water is needed for…

A
  • consumption
  • food preparation
  • washing and hygiene
  • agriculture and production
27
Q

stagnant water

A

water without a current or flow.

28
Q

lactirine

A

a simple communal toilet facility, often a trench dug in the ground or a pit.

29
Q

sanitation

A

the maintenance of hygienic conditions through services such as garbage collection and wastewater disposal.

30
Q

inequality and discrimination

A
  • race
  • religion
  • sex
    -> forced marriage
    -> female genital mutilation
  • sexual orientation
  • gender identity
31
Q

discrimination

A

a person or a group of people being treated differently than other people often as a result of factors such as age, race, religion…

32
Q

human rights

A

the freedoms and conditions in which every person is entitled.

33
Q

racial discrimination

A

a person being treated less favourably than another person in a similar situation because of their race, colour, descent, national or ethnic origin or immigrant status.

34
Q

global distribution

A
  • tobacco
  • alcohol
  • processed foods
35
Q

processed foods

A

food items that have been deliberately changed before being made available to eat.

36
Q

sustainability

A

meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

37
Q

three pillars of sustainability

A
  • social
  • environmental
  • economic
38
Q

economic sustainability

A

ensuring the average income in all countries is adequate to sustain a decent standard of living and continue to rise in line with inflation and living costs indefinitely.

39
Q

economic sustainability benefits

A
  • ensures that all people can earn a decent income
  • increases capacity of governments to provide services and infrastructure
  • ensures children can stay in schools
40
Q

social sustainability

A

creating an equitable society that meets the needs of all citizens and can be maintained indefinitely.

41
Q

social sustainability benefits

A
  • ensure people have their human rights upheld
  • enure people can participate in society
  • ensure that people can participate in decisions that affect their lives
  • ensure people experience equal access to resources such as food, shelter, education
42
Q

environmental sustainability

A

ensuring the natural environment is used in a way that will preserve resources indefinitely.

43
Q

environmental sustainability benefits

A
  • ensures flourishing biodiversity
  • ensures use of natural resources is responsiblle
  • reduces waste and pollution created
  • reduce impacts of climate change
44
Q

human development

A

a concept that provides another way at looking into similarities and differences between countries around the world in addition to classifying countries.

45
Q

elements critical to human development

A
  • lead long and healthy lives
  • lead productive and creative lives according to needs and interests
  • have access to knowledge and expand their choices and capabilities
  • have access to the resources needed for a decent standard of living
  • participate in the life of the community
  • participate in the decisions that affect their lives
46
Q

human development index (HDI)

A

a tool developed by the United Nations to measure and rank countries’ level of social and economic development.

HDI is a number between zero and one, one means high development.

47
Q

dimensions of HDI

A
  • a long and healthy life
  • knowledge
  • a decent standard of living
48
Q

indicators of HDI

A
  • life expectancy at birth
  • mean years of schooling
  • expected years of schooling
  • Gross National Income (GNI) per capita
49
Q

groups according to HDI

A

VHHD - very high HD
HHD - high HD
MHD - medium HD
LHD - low HD

50
Q

advantages of HDI

A
  • takes more than average incomes into account
  • composite statistic and provides a single statistc relating two three dimensions and four indicatiors -> easy comparison
  • effective for analysing progress a country has made over time
  • has helped to raise awareness of the importance of HD
51
Q

limitations of the HDI

A
  • complex compass and encompasses many aspects of human lives, only reflecting selected aspects of HD
  • based on averages and does not provide and indication of inequalities that exist within countries
  • no survey data is collected
  • reliability is limited as data is collected at a national level
52
Q

globalisation

A

the process whereby boundaries between countries are reduced or eliminated allowing individuals, groups and companies to act on a global scale.

exam health and human development (4 decks)

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