health and wellbeing in a global context Flashcards
purpose of economic characteristics of countries
grouped together for purpose of guiding policies and interventions that may improve the level of health and wellbeing experienced
primary production
the process of producing natural products for human use such as plants and animals.
subsistence farming
self sufficient farming carried out by individuals to provide food for themselves and their family.
gross national income (GNI)
the total value of goods and services a country’s citizens produce, including the value of income earned by citizens who may be working overseas.
characterisitics of high, middle and low income countries
- economic
- evironmental
- social
economic characteristics
- levels of poverty
- average incomes
- opportunities for global trade
- range of industries
extreme poverty
living on less than US$1.90 per day.
purchasing power parity (PPP)
a way to compare countries that have different currencies and costs of living.
gross domestic product (GDP)
a measure that reflects the economic state of a country.
relative poverty
those living on less than 50% of their country’s average income.
social characteristics
- levels of gender equality
- development of legal systems
- access to technology
- development of health systems
- development of social security systems
- levels of education
- levels of employment
- birth rates and population growth
gender equality
males and females having equal rights, responsibilities and opportunities.
environmental characteristics
- food
- water and sanitation
- adequate housing
- infrastructure
- carbon dioxide emissions
urban slums
a settlement, neighbourhood or region, comprised of housing that does not provide the essential conditions required to live a healthy life.
communicable diseases
infectious diseases that are transmitted from the environment including air.
malaria
a communicable disease that is transmitted via infected mosquitoes.
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
an infection that results in the gradual depletion and weakening of the immune system, resulting in increases susceptibility to to other infections such as pneumnia and tuberculosis.
acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
the most advanced stage of HIV infection.
non communicable diseases
conditions that are usually long lasting and generally progress slowly.
double burden of disease
conditions associated with both poverty and wealth existing side by side in one community such as undernutrition and obesity.
similarities between low and high income countries
- considerable variations exist within each country, reagrdless of income group
- life expectancy is increasing in all income groups
-infrant, u5 and maternal mortality rates are decreasing in all income groups - non communicable diseases account for the greatest proportion of deaths in all countries
- rates of obesdity and associated conditions are increasing in all income groups
differences between low and high income countries
- life expectancy fluctuates more in low and middle income countries in comparison to high income countries
- life expectancy is considerably higher in high income countries compared to low income countries
- mortality rates increase as average income decreases
- mortality rates due to infectious diseases such as malaria and HIV are low in high income countries
- rate of YLD increases as average income increases
- rate of DALY and YLL increase as average income decreases
factors contributing to health status and burden of disease
- access to safe water
- global distribution and marketing of tobacco, alcohol and processed foods
- sanitation
- inequality and discrimination
- poverty
how poverty affects health status and burden of disease
- government services, social protection measures and infrastructure
- nutritious food
- access to clean water and sanitation
- education
- healthcare
- housing
safe water
water that is not contaminated with disease causing pathogens such as bacteria, viruses or chemicals such as lead or mercury.
safe water is needed for…
- consumption
- food preparation
- washing and hygiene
- agriculture and production
stagnant water
water without a current or flow.
lactirine
a simple communal toilet facility, often a trench dug in the ground or a pit.
sanitation
the maintenance of hygienic conditions through services such as garbage collection and wastewater disposal.
inequality and discrimination
- race
- religion
- sex
-> forced marriage
-> female genital mutilation - sexual orientation
- gender identity
discrimination
a person or a group of people being treated differently than other people often as a result of factors such as age, race, religion…
human rights
the freedoms and conditions in which every person is entitled.
racial discrimination
a person being treated less favourably than another person in a similar situation because of their race, colour, descent, national or ethnic origin or immigrant status.
global distribution
- tobacco
- alcohol
- processed foods
processed foods
food items that have been deliberately changed before being made available to eat.
sustainability
meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
three pillars of sustainability
- social
- environmental
- economic
economic sustainability
ensuring the average income in all countries is adequate to sustain a decent standard of living and continue to rise in line with inflation and living costs indefinitely.
economic sustainability benefits
- ensures that all people can earn a decent income
- increases capacity of governments to provide services and infrastructure
- ensures children can stay in schools
social sustainability
creating an equitable society that meets the needs of all citizens and can be maintained indefinitely.
social sustainability benefits
- ensure people have their human rights upheld
- enure people can participate in society
- ensure that people can participate in decisions that affect their lives
- ensure people experience equal access to resources such as food, shelter, education
environmental sustainability
ensuring the natural environment is used in a way that will preserve resources indefinitely.
environmental sustainability benefits
- ensures flourishing biodiversity
- ensures use of natural resources is responsiblle
- reduces waste and pollution created
- reduce impacts of climate change
human development
a concept that provides another way at looking into similarities and differences between countries around the world in addition to classifying countries.
elements critical to human development
- lead long and healthy lives
- lead productive and creative lives according to needs and interests
- have access to knowledge and expand their choices and capabilities
- have access to the resources needed for a decent standard of living
- participate in the life of the community
- participate in the decisions that affect their lives
human development index (HDI)
a tool developed by the United Nations to measure and rank countries’ level of social and economic development.
HDI is a number between zero and one, one means high development.
dimensions of HDI
- a long and healthy life
- knowledge
- a decent standard of living
indicators of HDI
- life expectancy at birth
- mean years of schooling
- expected years of schooling
- Gross National Income (GNI) per capita
groups according to HDI
VHHD - very high HD
HHD - high HD
MHD - medium HD
LHD - low HD
advantages of HDI
- takes more than average incomes into account
- composite statistic and provides a single statistc relating two three dimensions and four indicatiors -> easy comparison
- effective for analysing progress a country has made over time
- has helped to raise awareness of the importance of HD
limitations of the HDI
- complex compass and encompasses many aspects of human lives, only reflecting selected aspects of HD
- based on averages and does not provide and indication of inequalities that exist within countries
- no survey data is collected
- reliability is limited as data is collected at a national level
globalisation
the process whereby boundaries between countries are reduced or eliminated allowing individuals, groups and companies to act on a global scale.
