promoting health and wellbeing Flashcards
changes in australia’s health over time
- life expectancy increasing due to decline in mortality rates among children
- death rate from infectious and parasitic diseases decreased
- cancer death rates due to lung cancer from smoking
- increasing trend of cardiovascular disease from 1907 to 1960, decreasing trend from 1960 to 2018
- overall decreasing trend for death rates due to respiratory diseases but it spiked during the spanish influenxa in 1919
- decreasing trend for death rate from injury and poisioning from 1907 - 2018
public health
the ways in which governments monitor, regulate and promote health status and prevent disease.
old public health
the government actions that focus on changing the physical environment to prevent the spread of disease such as providing safe water and sanitation.
policies and practices associated with the old public health
- establishment of government funded water and sewage systems and better sanitation
- quarantine laws
- elimination of housing slums and the introduction of better quality housing
- improved food and nutrition
- improved working conditions
- establishment of public health campaign
- more hygenic birthing practices
- provision of antenatal and infant welfare services
health promotion
the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve their health.
biomedical approach to health
the focus on physical or biological aspects of disease and illness.
advantages of biomedical model of health
advantages:
- enables many illnesses and conditions to be treated effectively
- it extends life expectancy
- improves and adjusts quality of life
disadvantages of biomedical model of health
disadvantages:
- relies on professional health works and technology, being very costly so not many individuals may be able to afford
- it doesn’t always promote good health and wellbeing (individuals get treated quickly and the approach does not encourage people to be responsible for their own health and wellbeing)
- not every condition can be treated
new public health
an approach to health that expands the traditional focus on individual behvaiour change to one that considers the way in which physical, sociocultural and political environments impact health.
social model of health
an approach that recognises improvements in health and wellbeing can only be achieved by directing efforts towards addressing the physical, sociocultural and political environments of health that have an impact on individuals and population groups.
advantages of social model of health
advantages:
- promotes good health and wellbeing, assisting in preventing disease
- less expensive than the biomedical approach
- focuses on vulnerable population groups
- education can be passed on from generation to generation
disadvantages of social model of health
disadvantages:
- not every illness or condition can be prevented
- does not promote development of technology and medical knowledge
- does not address the health and wellbeing concerns of individuals
- health promotion messages may be ignored
principles of the social model of health
- acts to enable access to healthcare
- acts to reduce social inequalities
- involves intersectoral collaboration
- empowers individuals and communities
- addresses the broader determinants of health
strategies for health promotion
- ADVOCATE which is designed to gain support from governments and societoes to improve health and wellbeing
- ENABLE which is reducing differences in health status and h/w between population groups by ensuring equal opportunity and aaccess to resources
- MEDIATE which is helping groups resolved conflict and producing outcomes promoting h/w
action areas of ottawa charter
- build healthy public policy (laws and policies by governments and organisations)
- create supportive environments (healthy physical and sociocultural environment)
- strengthen community action (community working together to achieve a common goal)
- develop personal skills (education)
- reoreint health services (changing health system where they take on the role of educators)
medicare
australia’s universal health insurance health scheme.
advantages of medicare
advantages:
- choice of doctor for out of hospital services
- available to all aus citizens
- covers test and examination, doctors and specialists schedule fees and some procedures such as xrays and eye tests
disadvantages of medicare
disadvantages:
- no choice of doctor for in hospital treatments
- waiting list for many treatments
- does not cover alternative therapies
schedule fee
the amount that Medicare contributes towards certain consultations and treatments.
patient co payments
the payment made by the consumer for health products or services in addition to the amount paid by the government.
bulk billing
doctor charging only the schedule fee.
medicare benefits scheme
a document that lists the range of services covered and the schedule fee covered by medicare.
medicare safety net
extra provision of financial assistance for those that incur significant out of pocket expenses for medicare services.
not covered by medicare
- cosmetic or unnecessary procedures
- most costs associated with private health care
- dental examinations and treatment
- ambulance services
- most allied health services
how medicare is funded
- medicare levy
- medicare levy surcharge
- general taxation
medicare levy
an additional 2% tax placed on taxable income of most taxpayers.
medicare levy surcharge
aims to encourage individuals to take out private hospital cover and where possible to use the private system to reduce demand on the medicare funded public system.
pharmaceutical benefits scheme (PBS)
the federal government’s contribution to Australia’s health system.
pharmaceutical benefits advisory committee
an independent committee made up of health professionals who review and consider new medications for inclusion in the PBS.
national disability insurance scheme (NDIS)
a national insurance scheme that provides services and support for people with permanent, significant disabilities as well as their families and carers.
protected special category visa
visa held held by some people arrived in australia on a new zealnad passport and meet other special criteria.
assistive technology
a device, system or design that allows an individual to perform a task that they would otherwise be unable to do, or increase the ease and safety with which a task can be performed.
