Sustainable cities

Question 1

Definition of a sustainable city

Answer 1

Meeting a cities needs without making it more difficult for future generations to meet their needs. (cities put pressure on the natural environment by using inputs hence producing outputs

Question 2

Examples of inputs

Answer 2

-Food grown out of town
-Energy from fossil fuels that are drilled or mined
-Other resources such as building materials e.g. timber and/or concrete

Question 3

Examples of outputs

Answer 3

• Sewage (that is in theory meant to be treated)
• Pollution that spreads beyond the city in air and/or water
• Waste that often ends up either in landfills or being incinerated

Question 4

planning sustainably-social

Answer 4

Involving people with the situation and taking their needs into account

Question 5

planning sustainably- economic

Answer 5

more employment

Question 6

planning sustainably- environmentally

Answer 6

Ensures resources aren’t wasted and protects environment is protected from future generations

Question 7

Location of Freiburg

Answer 7

south most area on the western of Germany on the boarder of France and Switzerland it has a population of approximately 225,000 (Vauban in Freiburg has a population of about 5,500)

Question 8

Solar Valley

Answer 8

> 10,000 people in 1,500 businesses. More than 1000 people employed in the solar industry producing/ advancing solar cells and the machinery that makes them

Question 9

How Freiburg tries to be more sustainable

Answer 9

In Vauban:
- biking is common and encouraged
- organic food that is locally sourced
- Homes are carbon neutral and it isn’t out of the ordinary to produce more energy than used
- renewable energy
- tree lined streets
unpaved tram lines

Question 10

How Freiburg has maintained its 1970 sustainability goals

Answer 10

Its well designed so it encourages activity while being safe
Economy thriving while maintaining equity
ITS (integrated transport system)which is environmentally sensible
And local government really cares

Question 11

Freiburg providing sustainable energy for urban areas

Answer 11

They plan to be 100% renewable which will be halving current consumptions but they plan to do this by taking advantage of being one of the sunniest cities powering even the main railway and the local stadium with about 400 solar installations
currently 10 mil kilowatts are produced from solar and burning waste
they use wood and rapeseed oil to power and heat the local pools

Question 12

Water supply in Freiburg

Answer 12

Homes have rain and waste water recycling using their roof gardens letting water water filter through green space to filter pollutants to make it drinkable which means water is either retained, reused or soaked back into the ground hence there being also financial incentives to using less water

Question 13

Methods to conserve water in Freiburg

Answer 13

-Collecting rainwater
-Green roof
-Pervious pavements letting water through
-unpaved tramline
-drainage wetlands

Question 14

Green spaces

Answer 14

• 40% of the city is forested with 600 hectares of parks with over 44,000 native trees planted in those parks and streets
• 56% of the forests are nature conservation of which 6%/56% is left wild leading to 75% of the wood being reforested (44% of of wood used for timbre
• the river Dreisam can flow naturally wchich leads to natural habitats

Question 15

traffic conjestion

Answer 15

when too many commuters on the road put strain on traffic increasing journey times, increasing the need for fuel increasing air pollution and risk of accident. (Growing cities have to be the most careful as in cases such as Mumbai lung cancer rates sky rocketed and there was an urgent need for a metro system

Question 16

Social impacts of traffic congestion

Answer 16

Late for events
Increased anxiety due to noise and air pollution

Question 17

Economic impacts of traffic congestion

Answer 17

Fuel costs
Expensive delays especially for hauliers
in 2018-19 London lost 4.9 billion dollars to traffic congestions (Manchester lost 176 million)

Question 18

Environmental impacts of traffic congestions

Answer 18

Increased exhaust emissions
Reduced local air quality
Larger carbon footprint

Question 19

How has Freiburg encouraged less traffic

Answer 19

Carrot:
- Low fares, and being able to use public transport
-70% of the population live within 500m of a bus stop whole alternate options are utilising the 400Km of bike paths
- 30km of tramroutes are connected to 168 km of bus routes

Stick:
-parking spaces cost £20,000 a year

Question 20

How has Singapore encouraged less traffic

Answer 20

Carrot:
-Car sharing and weekend use only schemes
- electronic traffic monitering for the lights
-overhead railway+ bus network
Stick:
-restricted to city entry during rush hour
-high petrol prices
- vehicle registration fee

Question 21

how has Beijing encouraged less traffic

Answer 21

Carrot:
-Expansion of transport with 30 new rail lines by 2020 as only 1/2 the population has access
Stick
-Only 20% of people applying for cars can get 1
-Cars are banned one day a week based on their number plate
- increased parking fee, conjestion charges and pollution tax