glacial landscapes

Question 1

what are glaciers

Answer 1

large masses found in high altitude and latitude moving downhill in cold regions most glacial regions in the Uk are in the North where it joined scotland to scandinavia and West
snow coverage went as far south as the severn estuary and the Wash

Question 2

When was the last ice age

Answer 2

around 2 million years ago because the earth goes through periods of glacial and inter glacial periods - we’re currently in an inter glacial period that began around 10,000 years ago- only about 10% of earth is covered in ice today (20,000 years ago that was 30%)

Question 3

how to glaciers transport materials

Answer 3

the glacier acts like a bulldozer which causes it to raze the rout in front of it:
- rocks trapped beneath cause abrasion forming grooves called striations
- freeze thaw weathering causes parts of the hill to break off and then the glacier then pulls it off this is called plucking
- glaciers move down the slope by sliding along meltwater

Question 4

glacial erosion landforms

Answer 4

• corries
• pyramid peaks
• glacial through
• hanging valleys
• truncated spurs
• ribbon lakes

Question 5

glacial through

Answer 5

steep sides
flat bottom
u shaped valley

Question 6

truncated spurs

Answer 6

unable to cut through existing V shaped valleys the glaciers cut through forming truncated spurs

Question 7

hanging valley

Answer 7

smaller tributary valleys made by smaller glaciers unable to reach the depth required

Question 8

ribbon lakes

Answer 8

they form in hollows when a glacier has more deeply eroded less resistant rock or it may fill up a valley behind a wall of moraine across the valley.

Question 9

glacial depositional landforms

Answer 9

moraines
drumlins
erraticas

Question 10

morraines

Answer 10

layers of debris deposited at the sides and in the front of the glaciers as it melts and the material that has been picked up can no longer be carried due to lack of energy
- ones to the side are called lateral moraines - the one at the end or snout is the terminal moraine
- the one showing the changes in the seasons is the recessional morraine
- the one found in the middle where two glaciers merged is the medial morraine
- anything dragged through the glacial melt water and left behind is the ground morraine

Question 11

drumlins

Answer 11

egg shaped hills (lee side gradual stoss side steep)
Formed as its harder to carry material near the snout of a glacier and moraines mould itself around any obstacle
(steeper side has lager debris and can be up to 50m high)

Question 12

erratica

Answer 12

a piece of deposited material that does not fit with the geology of the area used to trace the effects of glaciation

Question 13

quarrying conflicts in glaciated areas

Answer 13

cons:
- Quarrying destroys habitats, and so this activity is strongly disliked by conservationists.
- Open mines can lead to scarring.
- Often, small, local villages can be disturbed by the large transport vehicles collecting the minerals that are being mined. This can lead to noise pollution.
- A mine may discourage a tourist from visiting.

Question 14

tourism conflicts in glaciated areas

Answer 14

cons:
- Tourists can cause footpath erosion and can scare farm animals which damages the land
- Conservationists are not happy about the development of the infrastructure that comes with the tourism industry.
- In the Lake District, there was controversy in 2019 over 4x4 vehicles driving through natural areas

Question 15

farming conflicts in Upland areas

Answer 15

sheep remove vegetation from the area. Conflict with tourists and conservationists want the environment to be more natural

Question 16

Forestry conflicts

Answer 16

only cons are the destruction of habitats coniferous forests do not house as much wildlife
Conservationists also dont like it
Uk forests have actually grown in recent years as reforestation is happening at a greater rate than deforestation

Question 17

quarrying pros

Answer 17

The Lake District has a history of and quarrying, over a wide area, for minerals such as lead, copper, graphite, and coal. Granite from the highlands of Scotland is also quarried, and can be used as pavement materials or even for kitchen work surfaces.

Question 18

tourism pros

Answer 18

Aviemore, near the Cairngorm mountains in Scottland is one of the main activity centers in the UK. (lake district has earned £2164 million in 2022 from tourism alone)

Question 19

farming pros

Answer 19

manly used for farming animals as the soil is far too acidic due to the glaciers. Sheep graze higher up in the summer and then in the winter nutrient runoff from the summer allows for grazing in the valley
Land in the valley is fertile so can be used for cereal and potato farming

Question 20

forestry pros

Answer 20

Many upland areas are well suited to forestry. well adapted to acidic soil. only need 20-30 years to grow before needing to be felled for timbre and paper
Large areas are used in loch lomond and Trossachs national park are used for industrial forestry.