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Y2 I&P > Sustainability in Health > Flashcards

Sustainability in Health Flashcards

1
Q

What are harmful algal blooms?

How do they occur?

A

these can affect / kill wildlife (including pets) and pose a risk to human health too

this is a natural process but can be increased or made more frequent by human activities that increase the nutrients in water, that provide food for the algae

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2
Q

What are examples of human activities that can increase the risk of harmful algal blooms?

A

nutrients can be provided in the form of:

  • runoff from agriculture
  • effluent from sewage treatment plants
  • chemicals dissolved into water supplies through rainfall or irrigation
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3
Q

What are the oceanic and coastal climate issues?

A
  • harmful algal blooms
  • coral bleaching
  • plastic pollution
  • sea ice reduction
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4
Q

What is coral bleaching and why does it happen?

A

warmer global temperatures cause sea temperature to rise, leading to coral bleaching

this affects corals deep under the water surface, as well as those that are more superficial

bleaching events cause the corals to starve and die

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5
Q

What is the consequence of plastic pollution on wildlife in the ocean?

A

wildlife in the ocean get tangled in plastic and ingest it

this causes death in those animals and transfer of plastic higher up the food chain

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6
Q

How is sea ice measured?

What month is it measured in and why?

A

arctic sea ice is measured by a satellite throughout the year

the average september readings are used for annual or decadial comparisons

september marks the transition between arctic summer and winter, and usually has the minimum amount of sea ice

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7
Q

How has the amount of sea ice changed since satellite monitoring began in 1979?

A

september arctic sea ice has declined by 31,800 square miles per year

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8
Q

How does climate change affect human health?

A
  • air quality
  • flooding
  • heatwaves
  • vector-borne diseases
  • mental health
  • climate migration
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9
Q

What causes air pollution?

What are the consequences of this on health?

A

burning fossil fuels causes air pollution

this has been linked to a number of conditions, including cardiovascular diseases and respiratory diseases

there is a link with cognitive decline

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10
Q

How is air quality related to health inequality?

A

90% of all air pollution deaths are in low or middle income countries

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11
Q

What are the human health issues posed by flooding?

A
  • direct physical health impacts, such as drowning and injury from fast flowing water
  • contamination of fresh water supplies, leaving people without clean water to drink
  • creates the perfect environment for diseases such as cholera as people are forced into living in cramped conditions with inadequate sanitation
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12
Q

What can large standing bodies of water be ideal breeding grounds for?

A
  • mosquitoes and other vectors of disease
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13
Q

IN what countries are the consequences of flooding more severe?

A

lower income countries

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14
Q
A
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15
Q

What do heatwaves cause?

How dangerous can this be?

A

heat exhaustion and heat stroke

these can be fatal due to the effects of severe dehydration on the cardiovascular system

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16
Q

Which groups of people are more affected by high temperatures during a heatwave?

In what countries is this more apparent?

A
  • babies and the elderly
  • the effects are even more apparent in countries with inadequate infrastructure and healthcare systems
17
Q

What are some of the health implications of wildfires caused by heat waves?

A
  • direct effects caused by the fire
    • burns
    • destruction of habitats and homes
  • smoke contains many pollutants and chemicals and can travel vast distances
    • ​causes respiratory side effects in people very far away
18
Q

How are vector-borne diseases predicted to change in the future?

Why would this occur?

A

vector-borne diseases predicted to increase with rising global temperatures

expected to spread across more of the globe

e.g. mosquitoes require higher temperatures to survive and breed than those currently found in temperate climates, but with global temperatures rising, they will be able to migrate to countries with higher and lower latitudes

19
Q

What is meant by climate migration?

Why does it happen?

A

People cannot remain living in the location where they once did as global temperatures rise

  • temporary displacements due to droughts and flooding
  • rising sea levels lead to people needing to move permanently
20
Q

What is the consequence of climate migration?

A

mass migration puts an enormous strain on individuals health as well as society’s ability to handle large influxes of people

large movements of people also cause of conflict, partly due to the tensions of the impact of people arriving on an established system

also, migrants are a vulnerable group of people who are at risk of being recruited into organised crime

21
Q

What is eco-grief?

A

a crushing anxiety and feeling of hopelessness about the environmental situation

people who are very aware of the catastrophic effects of climate change can become panicked when they see insufficient actions being taken

this can manifest in a variety of different ways

22
Q

What techniques are suggested to manage eco-grief?

A
  • trying to reconnect with nature
  • using mindfulness techniques
  • talking to other people
  • taking positive action to benefit the environment
23
Q
A
24
Q

What is the NHS contribution to climate change?

A
  • 40% public sector carbon emissions
  • 590,000 tonnes of waste in 2016/2017
  • NHS related travel was 9.5 billion miles in 2017
    • 3.5% of all road travel in England
    • 7,285 tonnes Nox & 330 tonnes particulates
    • £345 million mortality & costs to society
25
Q

What was the impact on the environment of health and social care in 2017?

A
  • 27.1 megatonnes of carbon dioxide emissions (6.3% carbon footprint of England)
  • 2.23 billion m3 water used
  • responsible 5% of all road travel in England each year
26
Q

Why is the NHS regarded as an “anchor institution”?

A

a large organisation that sits within a local community and is unlikely to migrate out of that community

therefore, it is dependent on the wellbeing of the community for its own longterm sustainability

anchor institutions are usually public organisations, such as local councils, universities etc.

27
Q

How are NHS providers encouraged to take action as anchor institutions to contribute positively to their local communities?

A
  • widening participation through recruitment
  • investing in locally produced goods and services where possible
  • working with local partners
  • supporting communities through the use of their buildings and spaces
  • reducing environmental impact
28
Q

As an anchor institution, what is the environmental responsibilty / opportunity of the NHS to tackle climate change?

A

direct:

  • cutting down carbon emissions

leadership:

  • taking a leadership role in coordinating a wider response
  • e.g. air quality improvement action

influence:

  • individual actions of employees
29
Q

In 2016/2017, how much NHS waste was recycled and avoided going to landfill?

A
  • 85% avoided going directly to landfill
  • 23% recycled
  • majority incinerated or used for energy generation
30
Q

What are some examples of actions taken by NHS providers to reduce their environmental impact?

A
  • energy production (reduces CO2 emissions)
  • waste management to reduce amount sent to landfill
  • reduction in incineration of waste
  • employees travel discount
31
Q

What actions can healthcare professionals take individually to reduce their environmental impact?

A
  • engage with hospitals sustainability actions
  • NHS Forest
    • encourages NHS staff to plant trees on NHS land, with the goal of planting one tree for each NHS member
  • sustainability in quality improvement
    • e.g. using resources available from the centre for sustainable healthcare to help raise awareness about the need for environmental action within the NHS trust
  • WWF environmental footprint calculator
    • questionnare to calculate how large your environmental footprint is and ideas to reduce this

Y2 I&P (14 decks)

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