Promoting Health Flashcards
What is the definition of “promoting health”?
health promotion is the process of enabling people to increase control over and to improve their health
+ maintain well being
What are the stages involved in the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion?
What are the 3 components of the WHO Charter for Health Promotion?
1. Good Governance:
- strengthening governance and policies to make healthy choices accessible and affordable to all
2. Healthy cities:
- creating greener cities that enable people to live, work and play in harmony and good health
3. Health literacy:
- increasing knowledge and social skills to help people to make the healthiest choices and decisions for their families and themselves
What government campaign is used to develop personal skills?
change 4 life
this is involved in provision of information and enhancement of life skills
What are the stages involved in strengthening community action?
increasing the level of public impact:
inform:
- providing the public with balanced and objective information to assist them in understanding the problem, alternatives, opportunities and solutions
consult:
- obtain public feedback on analysis, alternatives and decisions
involve:
- work directly with the public throughout the process to ensure that their concerns and aspirations are considered and understood
collaborate:
- partner with the public in each aspect of the decision including the development of alternatives and identification of the preferred solutions
empower:
- place final decision-making in the hands of the public
What are examples of strengthening community action through “informing”?
leaflets, posters etc. to educate the public on how to be more healthy, risks of alcohol, 5-a-day etc.
consider the level of motivation and how to fit in with their lifestyle
How is strengthening community action through “consulting” acheived?
involving the public in:
- developing the intervention through patient views
- evalutaing the intervention
How is strengthening community action through involving and collaborating acheived?
by involving the public in designing the intervention as partners
How is strengthening community action through “empowering” acheived?
patient empowerment
this is a multi-dimensional social process that:
- helps people to gain control over their own lives
- fosters power in people, for use in their own lives, their communities, and in their society, by acting on issues that they define as important
What factors are involved in creating supportive environments?
- psychosocial
- socioeconomic
- natural
- chemical
- food
What are the five approaches to health promotion?
- medical or preventative
- behaviour change
- educational
- empowerment
- social change
What are the three levels of prevention?
primary level:
- preventing the onset of diseases
secondary level:
- detecting and treating pre-symptomatic diseases
tertiary level:
- minimising the effects of a disease
What is the role of primary, secondary and tertiary prevention?
primordial prevention:
- prevent the development of risk factors
primary prevention:
- manage the risk factors to prevent the onset of disease
secondary prevention:
- early diagnosis and prompt treatment
tertiary prevention:
- reduce complication and disability
What are the disadvantages to the medical approach?
- as its lead by health professionals it can have a paternalistic approach
- it is based on a medical definition of health - the absence of disease or infirmity
- it ignores the social determinants of health
What is meant by the behavioural change approach?
this focuses on individuals
changing attitudes leads to change in behaviours, responsibility and choice
What are the disadvantages to the behavioural change approach?
- success is dependent on the individual
- it ignores the social determinants of health
What is meant by the educational approach?
it enables individuals to make informed choices and avoids persuasion
information leads to knowledge and skills
What are the drawbacks of the educational approach?
- it relies on the individual to make the right choice
- little on the social determinants on health
What is the definition of empowerment?
empowerment is the process of giving confidence, skills and power to individuals/communities to identify and address their concerns
What is the benefit of the empowerment approach?
it recognises the social determinants of health
What is meant by the social change approach?
this involves changing society, not individuals
it involves changing the physical and social environment so that people make healthier choices
What is the drawback of the social change approach?
it needs public and political support
i.e. changes in legislation
Who’s responsibility is population health?
society (government) to create a healthier environment
individuals should make healthier choices
What are the 4 key objectives of health promotion?
- to prevent disease
- to ensure people are well informed and able to make healthy choices
- to help people to acquire the skills and confidence to take greater control over their health
- to change policies and environments in order to facilitate healthy choices
What are the 8 phases of the precede-proceed model?
- social assessment
- epidemiological assessment
- educational and ecological assessment
- administrative and policy assessment and intervention alignment
- implementation
- process evalutation
- impact evaluation
- outcome evaluation
What is the are the following factors involved in the precede-proceed model?
How is the quality and integrity of an intervention measured?
- intervention exposure
- reach
- participant satisfaction
- delivery
- contextual aspects
How can you work out whether an intervention has met its objectives?
it involves complex data collection and analysis
measuring impact requires significant resources
it is difficult to link the effects of an intervention to a broad community level impact
How can you determine whether the ultimate goal of an intervention has been acheived?
- measure whether the objective of the intervention has been achieved (improved health outcome)
- assess the impact of the intervention by measuring changes in knowledge, attitude, behaviours, skills and health-service utilisation
- look at what difference the intervention has made
Why do most interventions fail?
many evaluations fail because they do not determine the objectives of the intervention
need to determine what the intervention will change (objective) and how will this change be measured
What are the problems in evaluating health interventions?
- may involve long-term social, behavioural or environmental changes
- outcomes not easily measured or defined
- different stakeholders and staff members may have different goals
- evaluation can be expensive and resource consuming
- difficult to control external influences
