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Project Management Year 1 > Sustainability > Flashcards

Sustainability Flashcards

1
Q

Narrow Definition of Construction

A

Firms that deliver projects

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2
Q

Broad Definition of Projects

A

Includes wider supply chain that provides material resources

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3
Q

Construction 2025

A

-33% costs
+50% delivery time
-50% emissions
+50% net exports

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4
Q

Global Energy since 1973/2015

A

1973 - Oil 46

2015 - Oil 30%

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5
Q

UK Nuclear Power Plants

A

53% of UK Power by renewables
15 reactors, half retired by 2025
24% of UK power

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6
Q

How to improve/targets energy

UK Climate Change Act

A

Improve energy efficiency, reduce demand, more low carbon options, renewable sources
2008 - Reduce greenhouse gasses by 80% from 1990 by 2050

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7
Q

Weightman Review

A

Following Fukushima 38 lessons
Layout/design of plant
Flooding risk/emergency response arrangements
Safety reviews

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8
Q

Energy Hierarchy

A 
Reduce
Improve energy efficiency 
0 carbon sources
Near 0 carbon sources
Use non renewables as cleanly as p[possible
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9
Q

Impact Equation

A

Ehlrich + Holden

Population x affluence x technology

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10
Q

Sustainable development definition

A

Development which meets the need of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

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11
Q

Pitt Review

A

Summer 2007 flood 13 dead 55000 properties flooded
Met office work with environment agency
Robust building/Planning to protect communities
5.5m properties at risk

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12
Q

Urbanisation of the UK

A

2050 65% of people will live in urban areas

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13
Q

Reasons for flooding

A

Areas built over
Impermeable surfaces like tarmac
Need for more drainage

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14
Q

Types of flooding

A

Rivers/natural watercourses (fluvial)
Sea - low land
Rainfall - Land / sewers / reservoirs / canals

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15
Q

Flood plain types

A

Functional flood plain - where water would flow
Within natural plain but protected by banks
Flood zones 1, 2, 3a, 3b

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16
Q

SUDS

A

Sustain Urb Drain Syst cope with run off/create habitats
Filter strips - takes water from impervious areas
Swales - ditches
Infiltration Basin - depressions storing water
Purvious surfaces - Allow water through brick driveways

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17
Q

Ocean Acidification

A

Absorbing CO2 50% of anthropogenic C02

Affects ocean food chain

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18
Q

Anthropogenic Pollution

A

Originating in human activity
Rice fields, natural gas, landfill, agriculture
Methane 21x potent than CO2, landfill main source

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19
Q

E.F Schumacher Quote

A

Wrote Small is beautiful

It is inherent in the methodology of economics to ignore mans dependence on the natural world

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20
Q

Japanese/British Pre-fab

A

Produce 150,000 homes a year

Leadenhall 340m 85% pre-fab Laing O’Rouke

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21
Q

Products impacting the environment

A

80% of the products we produce impact the environment

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22
Q

BAPs
SAPs
HAPs

A

Biodiversity Action Plan
Species Action Plan
Habitat Action Plan

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23
Q

Biofuel

A

Fast growing trees/shrubs - animal waste
Dedicated crops - Short rotation crops
Dependant crops - main portion used for other things

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24
Q

EIA Definition

A

Drawing together in a systematic way an assessment of a projects likely significant environmental impacts

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25
Q

EIA Meaning

A

Required on certain developments
Measures environmental, social, economics of develop
Have to be one for roads, power stations, ports and harbours (Schedule I)

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26
Q

EIA 3 Stages

A

Screening - determine whether schedule II need an EIA
Scoping - Potential impacts / alternative
Review - determine sufficiency of EIA

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27
Q

Screening

A

Consider characteristics of development, location and potential impacts

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28
Q

EIA Consultation

A

Consultation erquired to those with an interest in the environmental effects, Planning Authority, Countryside Agency, HSE and English Heritage e.g

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29
Q

Adv / Disadv of EIA

A

Planned mitigation, avoidance at source

Time and cost to the project can take months

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30
Q

Greenfield / Brownfield definition

A

Not previously been developed on

Previously been developed with buildings, permanent structure or infrastructure

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31
Q

Competitiveness of the Construction Industry Report

A

1997 - Coherent quality control, increase regulatory environment, increase education and training and research and development

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32
Q

Contaminated Land

A

Elevated level of naturally occurring substances Ind/agr
Chemical spillages and landfill
Heavy industry - Oil/coal refinery and steelworks
Bad for people, animals, ecosystems, water
4000sqkm of contaminated land UK

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33
Q

Environmental Baseline

A

Current and future state if no development
Same time period of development life cycle
Population, noise, habitat
Provide alternatives/impact/mitigation

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34
Q

Egan Report

A

1998, 30% reworked
Labour 40-60% inefficient
10% materials waste
Improve efficie/quality/performance targets and innovate

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35
Q

M4I

A

Move for Innovation
180 exemplar projects
-10% time/costs
-10% productivity

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36
Q

Achieving Excellence in Construction

A

Develop long term relationships

Short decision time frame

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37
Q

Embodied Energy / Carbon

A

Energy Used to create Material x Carbon intensity
10% of total buildings C footprint from industrial manuf of materials / transportation
Brick wall/Cast concrete highest Embodied Carbon

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38
Q

Phase Change Materials

A

Ability to absorb / store heat
High embodied energy paid through operational saving
Provide summer cooling / winter heating

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39
Q

Hierarchy of flood building / site design

A

Flood avoidance - avoid flooding
Flood resistance - prevent flooding
Flood resilience - can enter impact reduced
Flood repairable - damage can be easily replaced

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40
Q

Fuel Poverty

A

Households that need to spend more than 10% of their income on fuel

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41
Q

LCA

A

Impact of material over lifetime Energy / cabron

Extraction, transport, manufacture, waste/pollution

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42
Q

WLC

A

Operation Carbon footprint + embodied in materials

Procurement, maintain/refurb, operational, disposal

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43
Q

Construction Waste

A

10m tonnes of construction waste 1.5bn a year UK

44
Q

Kenneth Boulding

A

Spaceship Earth Cowboy economy (reckless with use)

Anyone that thinks exponential growth will last forever is either a madman or an economist

45
Q

Environmental impact %

A

More than 10% of env impact of a product is determined at the design stage

46
Q

North West Bicester

A 
First Eco-twon
393 homes 
0 waste to landfill
17500 sqm of solar panels
Rainwater harvesting
47
Q

Types of Solar Panels

A

Monocyrstalline - most expensive / efficient
Polycrystalline - med efficiency / price
Amorphous - least expensive least efficient

48
Q

Triple Bottom Line

A

Social
Economic
Environmental

49
Q

Parts of the Atmosphere

A

Troposphere - Weather
Stratosphere - Ozone
Mesosphere - Temperature decrease (mesopause)
Thermosphere - low density gasses

50
Q

Hammarby Sjostad

A

Masterplanning important
Transport infra designed to discourage car use
Highly contaminated dumping cars
Lake capped with concrete
Soil/grease 900000+ contam 300000 heavily polluted

51
Q

ISO 14001 : 2015

A

Certified envir management system provides framework

Air poll, water, sewage, waste, soil contam resource efficieny

52
Q

Verification and Validation

A

Monitor to check objective has been achieved
Quality assurance
Report remed activi site conditions and maint plan

53
Q

BedZed Triple Bottom Line

A

Social Amenity - Mix tenure, air quality, prox comm facili
Financial Effective - Afforda, low bills, public transport
Reduced Env Impact - 0 fossil fuels, 100% renewable passive solar heating

54
Q

Pollutant Types

A

Heavy Metal - Toxic to animals
Hydrocarbon - Methane/Ethane
Toxic Organic Micropollutants - Pesticides
Radionuclides - Nuclear Waste / radiation Chernobyl

55
Q

Land Remediation 4 Phases

A

Desk Study
Intrusive Investigation
Remediation and/or risk management
Verification and Validation

56
Q

Phase 1 Remediation

A

Desk Study
Identify location, assessment of setting/history of site
Soil map needs to be assessed
Groundwater assessed

57
Q

Aichi

A

Living in harmony with nature

58
Q

Brundtland Report

A

1987
Our Common Future
Sustainable Development Definition

59
Q

COP 21

A

Paris Agreement - Set targets
INDC (Intended Nationally Determined Contribution)
Gambia and Morocco achieving target

60
Q

Biomorphic

Biomimicry

A

Design in the shape of natural organisms

The design/manufacture of materials based on natures processes

61
Q

PPM Levels

A

Current levels are 410ppm

1750 - 280ppm

62
Q

Methane

A

Rice fields, landfill, animals
21x more potent than co2
In atmosphere for 12 years

63
Q

Albedo Effect

A

The amount of light that is reflected by the planet

Ice caps melting reduces this

64
Q

Kuznets Curve

A

As economies develop Environmental degradation increases

Turning point, then starts to decrease move into services

65
Q

Arthur Pigou

A

Tax needs to equal cost of damage

66
Q

Ronald Coase

A

Polluter pays principle

67
Q

Vernacular Design

A

Based on local needs/amenities

Locally sourced materials/labour

68
Q

Pollination

A

30% food production reliant on pollination

69
Q

UK CO2 Emissions

A

Fell by 6% in 2015-16

70
Q

Habitat Fragmentation

A

Major infrastructure splitting habitats

Need tunnels / relocate habitats

71
Q

Cryosphere

A

Where water is in solid form

Ice caps, glaziers, mountain glaziers etc

72
Q

Photosynthesis Formula

A

6Co2 + 6h2o + sunlight —> 6o2 + c6h12o6

73
Q

Landfill Directive

A

Reduce negative effects on the environment

74
Q

Stern Review

A

Nicholas Stern 2006
Climate change a market failure, no one accountable
Report detailing effect of food production, glaziers from climate change

75
Q

Passive House

A

8% thicker walls

70% reduced carbon

76
Q

Section 106 Agreements

A

Social amenity as part of development

Make agreements to make acceptable developments

77
Q

Land Remediation Phase III

A

Remediation statement gives objectives to Plan Author
Description of ground conditions, contam type/methodology
In situ/Ex situ
Excavated / unexcavated

78
Q

Types of Remediation

A

Chemical Leaching - washing
Solvent Extraction - solvent use
Windrow - soil + organic
Bioreactor - soil + nutrients + air + water in enclosed vessel

79
Q

Land Remediation Phase II

A

Soil, surface and groundwater sampling
Contracted out and submitted to Local Plan Auth
Compare pollutants to a control

80
Q

Mott Macdonald Land Remediation

A

No Standar, fit for purpose
Accepted level of contam
Review how it can be accessed ingestion/touch

81
Q

Residential / Industrial Arsenic

A

200

500

82
Q

Negative on Windrow / Leaching

A

Organic material removed

83
Q

Syndney Central Park / Central Park

A

Increased land value from green space

Green Spaces / intergrate art

84
Q

Freiburg

A

10% more to build houses
90% reduction in bills
All new builds need to be carbon neutral
No more than 75KWhm2 per year

85
Q

Green Infrastructure Examples

A 
Drainage
Forests
Local food
Air / Water improvements
Healthy soil
Sustainable energy production
Urban Heat
Public Health (Mental health / ecotherapy)
Social Cohesion 
Aesthetic value / tourism
Effective material use
86
Q

What is an EIA good for?

A

Provides information about development for planning authority, regulator, interested parties and the public

87
Q

Characteristics of screening implications

A 
Traffic
Noise
Pollution
Sound
Habitats 
Air quality
88
Q

Characteristics of EIA Screening

A 
Traffic
Noise
Habitats
Pollutions 
21 categories where EIA is mandatory
89
Q

EIA Sites Compulsory

A

SSSI - Sites of Special Scientific Interest

World Heritage Sites

90
Q

Environmental Statement

A

Sets out the developers own assessment of impacts for development made publicly available
Characterising nature of impact
Determine the significance of impact

91
Q

EIA Adverse

A

Does not prohibit the development
Plan Auth must consider the impacts
Developer may have thought of improvements
May be used to consider alternative methods

92
Q

Mitigation Hierarchy

A 
Avoidance at source
Minimise at source
Abatement at site
Abatement at receptor
Repair
Compensate
93
Q

MET Matrix Design Phase

A

Materials, Energy, Toxicity ‘Quick and Dirty’
Durable/reusable or disposable/compostable
2 cycles organic (renewables) technical (extracted / processed)

94
Q

MET Matrix Production Phase

A

Sizes/quantities

Supply chain relationship return excess materials

95
Q

MET Matrix Distribution Phase / Resources Use

A

Local is better

Use something that is easily maintained

96
Q

Part L

A

Conservation of Fuel and Power

Primary means of controlling building performance

97
Q

3 Types of sustainability credentials

A

LEED
BREEAM
Passive Haus

98
Q

Introduction Inclusion

A

Why the climate is changing - anthropogenic
The impacts it has - Ice caps, sea levels. xtreme weather
Wicked problem - Solution has negative impact on other
Iron Triangle
IPAT Equation
Energy Hierarchy
Construction 2025
Need to encourage behavioural change
UK carbon emissions falling
UK 53% renewable sources
UK climate change act 2008

99
Q

Zero carbon homes

A

They are net neutral to the grid
Orientation natural light
High thermal mass - reduce energy / phase change

100
Q

Wicked Problem

A

A problem that is very difficult or nye impossible to solve

Negative impacts on other people, hugely expensive

101
Q

Advantages and Disadvantages of Blue/Green Infrastructure

A

Ecotherapy
New Habitats
SUDS
Carbon sequestration - naturally removed

102
Q

What is not a greenhouse gas

Toxic Gas do wood chips give off

A

Carbon Monoxide

103
Q

For Schedule 1 what is not needed

A

Screening stage

104
Q

Heavy Metal detection Process

A

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

105
Q

Ocean Current carrying heat from equator to higher

A

Thermohaline

106
Q

Transition Towns

A

Totnes
Behavioural change
Making towns more sustainable
Bottom up / Grass roots

107
Q

IR

A

GHG and water vapour absorb IR and retransmit towards earth then heat gets trapped
UV passes through layers reflected to weak to leave

Project Management Year 1 (13 decks)

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