Surveillance

Question 1

monitoring - define

Answer 1

collecting data to detect changes/trends in occurance in order to inform decisions

Question 2

when monitoring becomes surveillance

Answer 2

when cases are detected (above a certain threshold) actions are taken

Question 3

surveillance - define

Answer 3

data are used to assess a status in response to a pre-defined threshold.
there’s a threshold above which we take action.
For some hazards, the threshold may be zero
All surveillance is monitoring, but not all monitoring is surveillance

Question 4

surveillance uses

Answer 4

assess effectiveness of the control programme

demonstrating freedom from infection after eradication

Question 5

Farm level surveillance systems

Answer 5

diseases that are controllable by theindividual farmer
focus on productivity
They rely on farm records
Feedback to the farmer and actions discussed

Question 6

Monitoring / Surveillance levels and objectives - national

Answer 6

Demonstrate freedom from disease (Brucellos
is in GB)
Outbreak detection
Disease control and eradication
Monitor zoonoses (
Salmonella)
Detect emerging diseases

Question 7

Monitoring / Surveillance levels and objectives - Industry

Answer 7

Assure freedom from disease
Outbreak detection
Define herd health status
Monitor production diseases
Monitor zoonoses and food-borne pathogens

Question 8

Monitoring / Surveillance levels and objectives - Producer

Answer 8

Monitor production diseases

Outbreak detection

Question 9

Monitoring / Surveillance levels and objectives - Wildlife

Answer 9

Establish disease status

Question 10

Case definition

Answer 10

An animal or unit that fulfils the specific definition based on clinical, laboratory or epidemiological characteristics.

Question 11

outbreak - define

Answer 11

cases clustered in time and space, ocurring at higher level than expected

Question 12

epidemic - define

Answer 12

occurrence of more cases of disease than expected in a given area or among a specific group of people over a particular period of time (CDC)

Question 13

incidence vs prevalence

Answer 13

incidence = rate (2 cases per 100)
prevalence = proportion (%)

Question 14

bias - define

Answer 14

systematic error due to the design, the implementation or the analysis of the surveillance program

Question 15

notifiable disease - define

Answer 15

there is a statutory requirement to report a suspicion of a clinical case of disease

Question 16

Reportable diseases - define

Answer 16

statutory requirement to report laboratory confirmed isolation of organisms of the genera Salmonella and Brucella under the Zoonoses Order 1989
The report is to be made by the laboratory which isolated the organism from an animal derived sample

Question 17

where does data come from

Answer 17

mandatory reporting (notifiable + reportable disease)
voluntary reports
scanning surveillance
targeted surveillance

Question 18

targeted surveillance

Answer 18

Notifiable diseases e.g. TB, TSEs
Zoonotic diseases e.g. Campylobacter, Salmonella, toxins
Antimicrobial resistance
Import testing