Surveillance

Question 1

What are the three types of surveillance?

Answer 1

1. Physical Surveillance = Physical CCTV which monitors and records public behaviour
2. Liquid Surveillance = This is digital footprint
3. Self Surveillance = This is when people are worried about the thought of people looking bad means they constantly check themselves

Question 2

What is social control?

Answer 2

• Social control refers to the formal and informal techniques that may be used to make them conform to social norms and values

Question 3

What is Foucault’s disciplinary power?

Answer 3

• This explains how individuals internalise surveillance regulate their own behaviour
• Disciplinary power is harmful as it is extreme form of control and it is not a humane way of controlling crime
• It has become dominant which governs the body and soul through surveillance. Disciplinary power creates self-surveillance
• They argue the panopticon is a design for a prison where the guards are not visible to prisoners therefore they do not know when they are watched
• They have to behave at all times if they are being watched and surveillance turns into self-surveillance

Question 4

What is the dispersal of discipline?

Answer 4

• Disciplinary power does not operate within prison systems but has dispersed to other social institutions
• This has created a carceral archipelago which is a series of prison islands where professionals exercise surveillance over the population
• This panopticon is a model of how power operates in society as a whole as everyone is being watched by those in power
• Most people now obey rules because they know they are being watched
• Surveillance technology such as CCTV which are technologies of power

Question 5

What does Lyon argue about surveillance societies?

Answer 5

• Lyon builds on Foucault’s panopticons but argues that surveillance is no longer about institutions discipling individuals but it is everywhere and everyone engage in it
• Modern societies have become surveillance societies where it is a routine and integral part of daily life
• Technology allows governments to collect and analyse vast amounts of personal information
• Surveillance is not about just crime control but social sorting and categorising individuals based on their data to determine their access to services and opportunities

Question 6

What does Matthiessen argue about synoptic surveillance?

Answer 6

• Control through surveillance has developed beyond the panopticon.
• In late modernity, there is increase in surveillance which is the synopticon
• This is things such as public monitoring, dash cards facebook videos
• Monitor and control agencts of control
• Police now wear body cameras
• Thompson argues powerful groups fear media surveillance as it uncovers damaging information

Question 7

What does Bauman and Lyon argue about the post-panoptic society?

Answer 7

• Surveillance has now shift with decentralised forms of surveillance through the use of technology
• Multiple agencies can now pariticipate in monitoring
• People now self-surveillance
• Syrceillance is more subtle and integrated into everyday life through technology and social media

Question 8

What does Feeley and Simon argue the actuarial justice?

Answer 8

• Shift in managing risk for potential future crime rather than traditional concerns of rehabillitation
• They focus on managament of groups and prevention
• They use analysis to see what is the likelihood of crimes occuring
• However people are unfairly labelled and self-fulfilling prophecies into categories

Question 9

What does Newburn and Heyman argue about the Kilburn Experiment?

Answer 9

• CCTV is as an erosion of civil liberties, CCTV can be used as a defence for prosecution and protect law enforcement

Question 10

What is an evaluation of surveillance?

Question 11

Is surveillance effective?

Answer 11

• It helps to reduce to fear of being a victim of crime
• Helps to fight against terrorism
• It can provide evidence

Question 12

Is surveillance ineffective?

Answer 12

• It is an oppressive form of social control as the ruling class are able shape the working class
• There is limited evidence that it changed behaviour as it many aren’t put off by CCTV
• There is no thing as privacy and our actions can be used against us