Globalisation and Crime Flashcards
What is globalisation?
- There is a shrinking world due to the world becoming increasingly connected.
- The world has become an illegal and legal businesses which is made harder due to interconnected law enforcement
What does Held et al argue?
- There is an interconnectedness of crime across national boarders which has led to the spread of transnational organised crime
What does Manuel Castells argue?
- There is a global criminal economy. Globalisation has opened door for international links rather than a local level. This has allowed new organised groups to merge
What are new types of crime that globalisation has affected?
- Financial crimes = Off shore accounts, money laundering and tax evasion
- Trafficking = Modern slavery
- Terrorism = Online radicalisation
- Drug Trade
What are categories of cyber crime according to Wall?
- Cyper decpetion, identity theft and hacking
- Pornography
- Trespassing online systems, hacking and sending viruses
- Cyber violence, bullying and terrorist websites
What is transnational organised crime?
- Criminal activities conducted by groups across national boarders
- Castell argues globalisation has created transnational networks of organised crime
- It often works with corrupt state officials and legitimate businesses
What does Farr argue about the two main forms of global criminal networks?
Established Mafias = They were established before globalisation
Newer organised Crimes - Established due to globalisation
- Control the world’s human-trafficking, weapons, drugs, and money laundering through legitimate businesses
What are two new patterns of crime due to globalisation?
- Glocal organisation
- McMafia
What is a glocal organisation?
- Hobbs and Dunningham found that crime is locally based but with global connections
- They do have global links but depend on local settings
- The globalisation of crime helps with organising and supplying at a local level
What is a McMafia?
- Glenny found that transnational organised crime mirrors the activitites of legal transnational corporations
- This is similiar to how they supply and sell the same products across the world
What are the six factors how globalisation has affected crime?
- Supply and demand
- Disorganised Capitalism
- More inequality
- Growing individualism
- Greater risk
- More opportunities
What is supply and demand?
- There is a demand and supply side in the global criminal economy
- It could not function without the supply side to then consume them
- Third world countries are needed to produce the consumption demanded by the West
What is a global risk consciousness?
- Beck found a risk society which is when people moving around the world makes people more conscious of risk associated with globalisation
- This creates risk conscious individuals which can cause hate crimes and terrorism
What is disorganised capitalism?
- Lash and Urry found that increased deregulation and fewer state control over business leads to disorganised capitalisn
- Corporations can act transnationally to increase their profit and have lower regulation
- Taylor argues this has lead to greater job insecurity, fewer job opportunities and less social cohesion which can increase crime rates
What is more inequality and how does it affect crime?
- Taylor argues globalisation has lead to greater inequality and exploitation from transnational corporations
- Companies can put their manufcaturing into low wage countries to increase profit which leaves this counry with poverty and unemployment and more inequality
- Goverments have little control over their economies which leds to crime due to insecurity and uncertainity that leads to illegiimate means
- The elite benefit from these lack of regulations which create criminal opportunities. It also allows recruitement of illegal flexible workers which creates inequality
- It does not explain why all poor do not turn to crime if the world is unequal
What is more opportunities?
What is growing individualisation?
What is an evaluation of the impact of globalisation on crime?
- It is not a new idea
- It is hard to investigate
- It is dependenct on secondary sources
- Exaggerates the significance of globalisation
- Low level offences are committed in local communities
- It has led to interconnectness in global law enforcement
What are issues with globalisation and policing?
- There can be differing laws and cultural differences due to the transnational nature
- Crime changes quicker than the law
What are benefits with globalisation and policing?
- Greater international co-operation with europol and interpol
- Greater awareness of issues such as modern slavery and trafficking
