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Surveillance Flashcards

1
Q

What is disease surveillance?

A

Continuous scrutiny of factors determining disease occurrence and distribution.

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2
Q

What is disease notification?

A

Alerting and reporting specific diseases to public health authorities.

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3
Q

Why is disease notification important?

A

It allows early detection of outbreaks and enables timely intervention.

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4
Q

What are the levels of disease surveillance and notification?

A

Individual, local, national, and international.

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5
Q

What are the objectives of surveillance?

A

Detect outbreaks, provide health trend data, guide policy, and prevent disease spread.

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6
Q

What is an effective surveillance system’s key attribute?

A

Timeliness, sensitivity, representativeness, simplicity, flexibility, and data quality.

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7
Q

What are the two major types of disease surveillance?

A

Active and passive surveillance.

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8
Q

What is passive surveillance?

A

Healthcare providers report diseases voluntarily based on a set list.

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9
Q

What is active surveillance?

A

Health officials actively seek disease data from providers and communities.

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10
Q

Which type of surveillance is more resource-intensive?

A

Active surveillance.

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11
Q

What is sentinel surveillance?

A

Collecting disease trend data rather than individual case reports.

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12
Q

What is syndromic surveillance?

A

Identifying illness clusters early before diagnosis confirmation.

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13
Q

What is risk factor surveillance?

A

Tracking environmental or behavioral factors contributing to disease risk.

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14
Q

When was disease notification introduced in Nigeria?

A

1988, after the 1986/87 yellow fever outbreak.

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15
Q

What is Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response (IDSR)?

A

A framework for strengthening disease surveillance in Africa.

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16
Q

When was the IDSR strategy adopted in Nigeria?

A

2001

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17
Q

How many diseases are currently notifiable under Nigeria’s IDSR?

A

23 diseases.

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18
Q

What are the three categories of IDSR notifiable diseases?

A

Epidemic-prone, targeted for elimination, and other public health diseases.

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19
Q

What challenges affect disease notification and surveillance?

A

Underreporting, incomplete data, reporting bias, and changing lab tests.

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20
Q

What is underreporting in disease surveillance?

A

Cases go unreported due to lack of participation or resources.

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21
Q

What is reporting bias in disease notification?

A

Cases are more likely to be reported when symptomatic or severe.

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22
Q

What role does the World Health Organization (WHO) play in IDSR?

A

Guides and supports disease surveillance in member states.

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23
Q

How does IDSR improve surveillance in Nigeria?

A

It centralizes data collection for more efficient reporting.

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24
Q

What is the role of health workers in disease surveillance?

A

They collect, report, and act on health data.

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25
What is an epidemic-prone disease?
A disease that has a high risk of causing an outbreak.
26
What is the function of a national task force on epidemics?
Coordinating outbreak response and improving surveillance.
27
What is a notifiable disease?
A disease that must be reported to public health authorities by law.
28
Why is timely disease notification critical?
It helps prevent outbreaks from spreading.
29
What data quality issues affect surveillance?
Missing, incomplete, or incorrect data.
30
What is an example of an epidemic-prone disease?
Cholera.
31
What is the main focus of IDSR at the local level?
The Local Government Area (LGA) level.
32
Why is LGA-level surveillance important?
It is the first contact point for disease monitoring in communities.
33
What is an example of an environmental risk factor?
Contaminated water supply leading to cholera outbreaks.
34
What is an example of a behavioral risk factor?
Smoking increasing the risk of lung disease.
35
What is outbreak surveillance?
Investigating additional cases to pinpoint the source of an outbreak.
36
What is a case definition in surveillance?
A set of uniform criteria specific to each reportable disease.
37
What is the main role of laboratory tests in surveillance?
Confirming disease cases based on standardized diagnostic criteria.
38
What is data triangulation in surveillance?
Combining multiple data sources to improve accuracy.
39
What is event-based surveillance?
Detecting disease outbreaks through informal sources like media reports.
40
What are the key surveillance reporting tools?
Standardized forms for disease data collection.
41
What is the role of international organizations in surveillance?
Providing technical and financial support for disease monitoring.
42
How does community engagement improve surveillance?
Encouraging timely reporting of cases by the public.
43
What is syndromic surveillance mainly used for?
Detecting unusual patterns in symptoms to predict outbreaks.
44
What is the goal of the IDSR framework?
To integrate and streamline disease surveillance systems.
45
Why was the IDSR framework introduced?
To improve the efficiency of disease monitoring in Africa.
46
What is an example of a disease targeted for elimination?
Polio.
47
What is an example of a disease targeted for eradication?
Smallpox.
48
What is the main difference between elimination and eradication?
Elimination reduces cases to zero in a region; eradication removes it worldwide.
49
What is the role of electronic surveillance systems?
Enhancing real-time data collection and analysis.
50
What is one of the biggest challenges in surveillance?
Ensuring complete and accurate disease reporting.
51
How can public health interventions be improved through surveillance?
By identifying high-risk areas for targeted response.
52
What is a major factor influencing surveillance success?
Government commitment and resource availability.
53
What is a surveillance threshold?
A predefined case level that triggers public health action.
54
What role do hospitals play in disease surveillance?
They provide primary data on reportable diseases.
55
What is an example of a disease that requires immediate notification?
Ebola virus disease.
56
What is the benefit of integrating multiple surveillance systems?
Reducing duplication and improving resource efficiency.
57
What is disease surveillance?
Continuous scrutiny of factors determining disease occurrence and distribution.
58
What is disease notification?
Alerting and reporting specific diseases to public health authorities.
59
Why is disease notification important?
It allows early detection of outbreaks and enables timely intervention.
60
What are the levels of disease surveillance and notification?
Individual, local, national, and international.
61
What are the objectives of surveillance?
Detect outbreaks, provide health trend data, guide policy, and prevent disease spread.
62
What is an effective surveillance system's key attribute?
Timeliness, sensitivity, representativeness, simplicity, flexibility, and data quality.
63
What are the two major types of disease surveillance?
Active and passive surveillance.
64
What is passive surveillance?
Healthcare providers report diseases voluntarily based on a set list.
65
What is active surveillance?
Health officials actively seek disease data from providers and communities.
66
Which type of surveillance is more resource-intensive?
Active surveillance.
67
What is sentinel surveillance?
Collecting disease trend data rather than individual case reports.
68
What is syndromic surveillance?
Identifying illness clusters early before diagnosis confirmation.
69
What is risk factor surveillance?
Tracking environmental or behavioral factors contributing to disease risk.
70
When was disease notification introduced in Nigeria?
1988, after the 1986/87 yellow fever outbreak.
71
What is Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response (IDSR)?
A framework for strengthening disease surveillance in Africa.
72
When was the IDSR strategy adopted in Nigeria?
2001
73
How many diseases are currently notifiable under Nigeria's IDSR?
23 diseases.
74
What are the three categories of IDSR notifiable diseases?
Epidemic-prone, targeted for elimination, and other public health diseases.
75
What challenges affect disease notification and surveillance?
Underreporting, incomplete data, reporting bias, and changing lab tests.
76
What is underreporting in disease surveillance?
Cases go unreported due to lack of participation or resources.
77
What is reporting bias in disease notification?
Cases are more likely to be reported when symptomatic or severe.
78
What role does the World Health Organization (WHO) play in IDSR?
Guides and supports disease surveillance in member states.
79
How does IDSR improve surveillance in Nigeria?
It centralizes data collection for more efficient reporting.
80
What is the role of health workers in disease surveillance?
They collect, report, and act on health data.
81
What is an epidemic-prone disease?
A disease that has a high risk of causing an outbreak.
82
What is the function of a national task force on epidemics?
Coordinating outbreak response and improving surveillance.
83
What is a notifiable disease?
A disease that must be reported to public health authorities by law.
84
Why is timely disease notification critical?
It helps prevent outbreaks from spreading.
85
What data quality issues affect surveillance?
Missing, incomplete, or incorrect data.
86
What is an example of an epidemic-prone disease?
Cholera.
87
What is the main focus of IDSR at the local level?
The Local Government Area (LGA) level.
88
Why is LGA-level surveillance important?
It is the first contact point for disease monitoring in communities.
89
What is an example of an environmental risk factor?
Contaminated water supply leading to cholera outbreaks.
90
What is an example of a behavioral risk factor?
Smoking increasing the risk of lung disease.
91
What is outbreak surveillance?
Investigating additional cases to pinpoint the source of an outbreak.
92
What is a case definition in surveillance?
A set of uniform criteria specific to each reportable disease.
93
What is the main role of laboratory tests in surveillance?
Confirming disease cases based on standardized diagnostic criteria.
94
What is data triangulation in surveillance?
Combining multiple data sources to improve accuracy.
95
What is event-based surveillance?
Detecting disease outbreaks through informal sources like media reports.
96
What are the key surveillance reporting tools?
Standardized forms for disease data collection.
97
What is the role of international organizations in surveillance?
Providing technical and financial support for disease monitoring.
98
How does community engagement improve surveillance?
Encouraging timely reporting of cases by the public.
99
What is syndromic surveillance mainly used for?
Detecting unusual patterns in symptoms to predict outbreaks.
100
What is the goal of the IDSR framework?
To integrate and streamline disease surveillance systems.
101
Why was the IDSR framework introduced?
To improve the efficiency of disease monitoring in Africa.
102
What is an example of a disease targeted for elimination?
Polio.
103
What is an example of a disease targeted for eradication?
Smallpox.
104
What is the main difference between elimination and eradication?
Elimination reduces cases to zero in a region; eradication removes it worldwide.
105
What is the role of electronic surveillance systems?
Enhancing real-time data collection and analysis.
106
What is one of the biggest challenges in surveillance?
Ensuring complete and accurate disease reporting.
107
How can public health interventions be improved through surveillance?
By identifying high-risk areas for targeted response.
108
What is a major factor influencing surveillance success?
Government commitment and resource availability.
109
What is a surveillance threshold?
A predefined case level that triggers public health action.
110
What role do hospitals play in disease surveillance?
They provide primary data on reportable diseases.
111
What is an example of a disease that requires immediate notification?
Ebola virus disease.
112
What is the benefit of integrating multiple surveillance systems?
Reducing duplication and improving resource efficiency.

Epidemiology (6 decks)

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