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Hiv Flashcards

1
Q

What does HIV stand for?

A

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

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2
Q

What does AIDS stand for?

A

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

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3
Q

How does HIV affect the immune system?

A

It weakens the immune system by attacking CD4+ cells.

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4
Q

What type of virus is HIV?

A

A retrovirus

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5
Q

What is the primary function of reverse transcriptase in HIV?

A

Converts viral RNA into DNA to integrate into the host genome.

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6
Q

What type of cells does HIV primarily attack?

A

CD4+ T-cells (a type of white blood cell)

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7
Q

Why is CD4+ cell depletion significant in HIV infection?

A

It weakens the immune system, making the body vulnerable to infections.

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8
Q

What is the main consequence of immune suppression in HIV?

A

Increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and certain cancers.

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9
Q

What is the relationship between viral load and immune suppression?

A

Higher viral load leads to faster immune suppression and disease progression.

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10
Q

What enzyme allows HIV to integrate into the host genome?

A

Integrase

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11
Q

What role does reverse transcriptase play in HIV replication?

A

It converts HIV’s RNA into DNA for integration into the host cell.

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12
Q

What is the natural history of HIV infection?

A

Seroconversion → Asymptomatic phase → Symptomatic phase → AIDS

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13
Q

What is seroconversion in HIV?

A

The period when the body develops detectable HIV antibodies.

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14
Q

How does HIV evade the immune system?

A

By mutating rapidly and integrating into host DNA.

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15
Q

How do opportunistic infections occur in HIV patients?

A

Due to the progressive weakening of the immune system.

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16
Q

What is the impact of a low CD4+ count?

A

Increased risk of severe infections and progression to AIDS.

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17
Q

What is the normal range of CD4+ count in a healthy individual?

A

500–1,500 cells per microliter of blood.

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18
Q

At what CD4+ count does HIV progress to AIDS?

A

Below 200 cells per microliter.

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19
Q

What is the incubation period of HIV?

A

A few months to over 10 years.

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20
Q

How long does it take for untreated HIV to progress to AIDS?

A

About 10 years, though it varies.

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21
Q

Why is early HIV treatment important?

A

It helps suppress viral replication and preserve immune function.

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22
Q

How does HIV enter the body?

A

Through mucous membranes or direct bloodstream entry.

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23
Q

What are HIV reservoirs?

A

Cells where HIV hides and remains dormant, making a cure difficult.

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24
Q

What is viral set point in HIV?

A

The balance between viral replication and immune response after initial infection.

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25
When was the first AIDS case diagnosed in Nigeria?
1985 (reported in 1986).
26
Who was the first recorded HIV patient in Nigeria?
A 13-year-old female sex worker from West Africa.
27
What percentage of global HIV cases are in Nigeria?
0.09
28
How many new HIV infections occurred in Nigeria in 2021?
74000
29
How many AIDS-related deaths occurred in Nigeria in 2021?
51000
30
How many Nigerians were on antiretroviral treatment in 2021?
1.7 million
31
What percentage of young women (15–24 years) got HIV in Nigeria in 2021?
14,000 cases compared to 3,600 cases in young men.
32
What percentage of HIV infections in Nigeria occur in young people (15–24 years)?
0.4
33
What is the HIV prevalence among Nigerian women vs. men?
1.6% in women, 1.0% in men.
34
What prevention strategies are being implemented in Nigeria?
Male/female condoms, PrEP, PEP, harm reduction programs.
35
What is the most common route of HIV transmission worldwide?
Heterosexual transmission.
36
Why are pregnant women with HIV at high risk?
Risk of transmitting HIV to their newborns.
37
How can mother-to-child HIV transmission be reduced?
Effective PMTCT programs.
38
What is PEP in HIV prevention?
Post-exposure prophylaxis, taken after potential HIV exposure.
39
What is PrEP in HIV prevention?
Pre-exposure prophylaxis, taken daily to prevent HIV infection.
40
What is a major issue in Nigeria’s HIV response?
Stigma and discrimination prevent people from testing and treatment.
41
How does HIV affect Nigeria’s healthcare system?
It overburdens healthcare facilities and increases costs.
42
What is the main funding source for HIV programs in Nigeria?
International donors, particularly PEPFAR.
43
Why is HIV testing lower among men and young people?
Stigma, lack of awareness, and social barriers.
44
What are 'moonlight clinics' in Nigeria?
After-hours clinics for marginalized communities.
45
What is the primary treatment for HIV?
Antiretroviral therapy (ART).
46
How does viral load testing help in HIV treatment?
It measures the amount of HIV in the blood to monitor treatment effectiveness.
47
What is partner notification in HIV testing?
Encouraging partners of newly diagnosed individuals to get tested.
48
Why is late HIV diagnosis a major issue in Nigeria?
One-third of people are diagnosed only after developing AIDS.
49
What intervention was introduced in Nigeria in 2019 for late HIV diagnosis?
Specialized support for people starting ART with low CD4 counts.
50
How does Nigeria provide HIV treatment in community settings?
Through multi-month refills and adherence support.
51
What legal barrier affects HIV prevention in Nigeria?
Laws criminalizing homosexuality and sex work.
52
Why do criminalized groups struggle to access HIV care in Nigeria?
Fear of arrest and social stigma.
53
What is the incubation period of HIV?
A few months to over 10 years.
54
How long does it take for untreated HIV to progress to AIDS?
About 10 years, though it varies.
55
Why is early HIV treatment important?
It helps suppress viral replication and preserve immune function.
56
How does HIV enter the body?
Through mucous membranes or direct bloodstream entry.
57
What are HIV reservoirs?
Cells where HIV hides and remains dormant, making a cure difficult.
58
What is viral set point in HIV?
The balance between viral replication and immune response after initial infection.
59
What was the initial public perception of AIDS in Nigeria?
It was thought to be a disease of American homosexuals.
60
What acronym was used in Nigeria to describe AIDS in early years?
'American Idea for Discouraging Sex'.
61
What percentage of young Nigerians know how to prevent HIV?
34% of young men, 43% of young women.
62
Why is mother-to-child HIV transmission still a major issue in Nigeria?
Slow progress; only a 15% reduction between 2010–2020.
63
Which country reduced mother-to-child HIV transmission by 70%, compared to Nigeria’s 15%?
South Africa and Uganda.
64
What is the estimated HIV prevalence among sex workers in Nigeria?
0.16
65
What is the estimated HIV prevalence among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Nigeria?
23% (2014 estimate).
66
What percentage of people living with HIV in Nigeria have experienced stigma?
20% (2021 survey).
67
What percentage of Nigerians hold discriminatory attitudes toward people with HIV?
60% (2021 study).
68
Why is testing uptake low among Nigerians?
Stigma, discrimination, and fear of social rejection.
69
How does HIV affect life expectancy?
It decreases life expectancy, especially in high-prevalence areas.
70
What are the economic consequences of HIV in Nigeria?
Loss of workforce productivity and increased healthcare spending.
71
What legal barrier affects HIV prevention in Nigeria?
Laws criminalizing homosexuality and sex work.
72
Why do criminalized groups struggle to access HIV care in Nigeria?
Fear of arrest and social stigma.
73
What is one issue with PrEP availability in Nigeria?
Vaginal rings and injectables are not yet approved.
74
What testing method is encouraged for couples and families of HIV-positive individuals?
Partner notification and sexual network testing.
75
Why is late HIV diagnosis a major issue in Nigeria?
One-third of people are diagnosed only after developing AIDS.
76
What is the primary strategy for preventing HIV in newborns?
Prevention of Mother-To-Child Transmission (PMTCT).
77
What is the People Living With HIV Stigma Index?
A measure of HIV-related stigma and discrimination in communities.
78
Why is mother-to-child HIV transmission still high in Nigeria?
Slow progress in PMTCT programs compared to other countries.
79
How does Nigeria compare to South Africa and Uganda in PMTCT reduction?
Nigeria reduced mother-to-child transmission by 15%, while South Africa and Uganda reduced it by 70%.
80
What are opportunistic infections in HIV?
Infections that occur due to immune suppression in HIV/AIDS.
81
How is the progression of HIV measured?
By CD4+ count and viral load.
82
What happens when CD4+ count drops below 200 cells/µL?
HIV progresses to AIDS.
83
What is the first stage of HIV infection?
Acute HIV infection (flu-like symptoms).
84
What is the second stage of HIV infection?
Clinical latency (asymptomatic stage).
85
What is the final stage of HIV infection?
AIDS (severe immune suppression).
86
What are common opportunistic infections in AIDS?
Tuberculosis, pneumonia, candidiasis, and Kaposi's sarcoma.
87
What is the role of ART in HIV treatment?
Reduces viral load and delays disease progression.
88
What is the function of protease inhibitors in HIV treatment?
Blocks viral replication by inhibiting protease enzyme.
89
What does a high viral load indicate?
More active replication and greater immune suppression.
90
How is HIV transmitted?
Through blood, sexual contact, and mother-to-child transmission.
91
What is the most common global route of HIV transmission?
Heterosexual transmission.
92
What is the impact of HIV on healthcare systems?
Overburdened hospitals and increased medical costs.
93
What factors increase HIV risk?
Unprotected sex, multiple partners, sharing needles, and STDs.
94
What is the significance of early HIV diagnosis?
Enables early treatment and prevents transmission.
95
What is viral suppression in HIV?
Keeping the virus at undetectable levels with ART.
96
Why is an undetectable viral load important?
It prevents HIV transmission (U=U: Undetectable = Untransmittable).
97
What is combination therapy in HIV?
Using multiple drugs to prevent resistance.
98
How does stigma affect HIV control?
Discourages testing and treatment uptake.
99
What is the HIV prevalence among Nigerian military personnel?
Higher than the general population due to mobility and risk behaviors.
100
What is the impact of HIV on Nigeria’s economy?
Loss of productivity and increased healthcare costs.
101
What role does education play in HIV prevention?
Increases awareness and promotes safer behaviors.
102
How does Nigeria’s HIV prevalence compare to other African countries?
Lower than some but still a major public health concern.
103
What role do NGOs play in HIV prevention in Nigeria?
Provide awareness, testing, and treatment services.

Epidemiology (6 decks)

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