CD and NCD Flashcards
1
Q
What is a communicable disease?
A
An illness caused by a specific causative agent that spreads between hosts.
2
Q
What are examples of viral communicable diseases?
A
Measles, smallpox, and rabies.
3
Q
What are examples of bacterial communicable diseases?
A
Tuberculosis, cholera, and syphilis.
4
Q
What are examples of fungal communicable diseases?
A
Candidiasis, Tinea Capitis, and Histoplasmosis.
5
Q
What is an infectious agent?
A
Any microorganism that causes disease.
6
Q
What is a reservoir in epidemiology?
A
The habitat where an infectious agent lives and multiplies.
7
Q
What is zoonosis?
A
A disease transmitted from animals to humans.
8
Q
What are examples of zoonotic diseases?
A
Rabies, anthrax, and Lassa fever.
9
Q
What is the incubation period?
A
The time between exposure to an infectious agent and symptom onset.
10
Q
What are the key characteristics influencing disease formation?
A
Infectivity, pathogenicity, virulence, and antigenic power.
11
Q
What is infectivity?
A
The ability of an agent to enter and multiply in a host.
12
Q
What is virulence?
A
The severity of disease an agent causes.
13
Q
What is a carrier in epidemiology?
A
A person who harbors a disease-causing agent without symptoms.
14
Q
What are the types of disease carriers?
A
Incubatory, convalescent, intermittent, chronic, and healthy carriers.
15
Q
What is immunity?
A
The body’s resistance to infection through antibodies or cellular defense.
16
Q
What are the two main types of immunity?
A
Natural and acquired immunity.
17
Q
What is active immunity?
A
Immunity developed through infection or vaccination.
18
Q
What is passive immunity?
A
Immunity acquired from external antibodies (e.g., maternal or injection).
19
Q
What is herd immunity?
A
Community-wide resistance to a disease due to high immunity levels.
20
Q
What is a vaccine?
A
A biological preparation that provides immunity to a disease.
21
Q
What are examples of vector-borne diseases?
A
Malaria, yellow fever, and dengue fever.
22
Q
What is direct disease transmission?
A
Spread of disease through person-to-person contact.
23
Q
What is indirect disease transmission?
A
Spread of disease through surfaces, vectors, or air.
24
Q
What is an example of a vehicle-borne disease?
A
Cholera (transmitted through contaminated water).
25
What is an example of airborne disease transmission?
Tuberculosis (spread through droplets in the air).
26
What is the difference between prevalence and incidence?
Prevalence measures all cases; incidence measures new cases.
27
What is the role of epidemiology in public health?
Identifying disease causes, patterns, and control measures.
28
What is an epidemic?
A sudden increase in disease cases in a specific area.
29
What is a pandemic?
A global outbreak of a disease.
30
What is an endemic disease?
A disease constantly present in a population.
31
What is the epidemiological triangle?
A model showing the interaction between agent, host, and environment.
32
What are the components of the epidemiological triangle?
Agent, host, and environment.
33
What is an example of an environmental risk factor?
Pollution leading to respiratory diseases.
34
What is an example of a behavioral risk factor?
Smoking increasing the risk of lung disease.
35
What is the purpose of disease surveillance?
Monitoring and controlling disease spread in populations.
36
What is syndromic surveillance?
Detecting outbreaks by identifying symptom clusters early.
37
What is sentinel surveillance?
Monitoring trends using selected health facilities or groups.
38
What is the importance of early disease detection?
It helps prevent further spread and complications.
39
What is a non-communicable disease?
A disease not spread from person to person (e.g., diabetes, hypertension).
40
What are common causes of non-communicable diseases?
Genetics, lifestyle choices, and environmental factors.
41
What is primary prevention?
Preventing disease before it occurs (e.g., vaccination, health education).
42
What is secondary prevention?
Early detection and treatment of disease to prevent progression.
43
What is tertiary prevention?
Rehabilitation and treatment to prevent worsening of an existing disease.
44
What is the difference between elimination and eradication?
Elimination reduces cases to zero in a region; eradication removes it worldwide.
45
What is the leading cause of mortality worldwide?
Non-communicable diseases such as heart disease and cancer.
46
What is an example of a non-communicable disease prevention strategy?
Regular physical activity and a balanced diet.
47
How can public health campaigns help in disease prevention?
By educating people about risk factors and promoting healthy behaviors.
48
What is the most effective method for preventing infectious diseases?
Vaccination.
49
What is the relationship between nutrition and non-communicable diseases?
Poor nutrition increases the risk of diseases like diabetes and hypertension.
50
What role does genetics play in non-communicable diseases?
Some diseases, like cancer, have a hereditary component.
51
What is case fatality rate?
The percentage of people who die from a disease among those diagnosed.
52
What is maternal mortality rate?
The number of pregnancy-related deaths per 100,000 live births.
53
What is infant mortality rate?
The number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births.
54
What is the crude death rate?
The total number of deaths per 1,000 people in a population.
55
What is an attack rate?
A type of incidence rate used during epidemics.
56
What is the goal of disease control programs?
Reducing disease incidence, prevalence, and mortality.
57
How does sanitation impact communicable diseases?
Poor sanitation increases the risk of waterborne diseases.
58
What is an outbreak investigation?
Identifying and controlling disease spread in a specific location.
59
What is epidemiology?
The study of the frequency distribution
60
2. What are the three main components of epidemiology?
determinants
Distribution
61
62
3. What is a communicable disease?
An illness caused by a specific agent that spreads between hosts.
63
64
4. What are examples of viral communicable diseases?
smallpox
Measles
65
66
5. What are examples of bacterial communicable diseases?
Tuberculosis
cholera
67
68
6. What are examples of fungal communicable diseases?
69
Candidiasis
Tinea Capitis
70
7. What is an infectious agent?
71
Any microorganism that causes disease.
72
8. What is a reservoir in epidemiology?
73
The habitat where an infectious agent lives and multiplies.
74
9. What is zoonosis?
75
A disease transmitted from animals to humans.
76
10. What are examples of zoonotic diseases?
77
Rabies
anthrax
78
11. What is the incubation period?
79
The time between exposure to an infectious agent and symptom onset.
80
12. What are the key characteristics influencing disease formation?
81
Infectivity
pathogenicity
82
13. What is infectivity?
83
The ability of an agent to enter and multiply in a host.
84
14. What is virulence?
85
The severity of disease an agent causes.
86
15. What is a carrier in epidemiology?
87
A person who harbors a disease-causing agent without symptoms.
88
16. What are the types of disease carriers?
89
Incubatory
convalescent
90
17. What is immunity?
91
The body's resistance to infection through antibodies or cellular defense.
92
18. What are the two main types of immunity?
93
Natural and acquired immunity.
94
19. What is active immunity?
95
Immunity developed through infection or vaccination.
96
20. What is passive immunity?
97
Immunity acquired from external antibodies (e.g.
maternal or injection).
98
21. What is herd immunity?
99
Community-wide resistance to a disease due to high immunity levels.
100
22. What is a vaccine?
101
A biological preparation that provides immunity to a disease.
102
23. What are examples of vector-borne diseases?
103
Malaria
yellow fever
104
24. What is direct disease transmission?
105
Spread of disease through person-to-person contact.
106
25. What is indirect disease transmission?
107
Spread of disease through surfaces
vectors
108
26. What is an example of a vehicle-borne disease?
109
Cholera (transmitted through contaminated water).
110
27. What is an example of airborne disease transmission?
111
Tuberculosis (spread through droplets in the air).
112
28. What is the difference between prevalence and incidence?
113
Prevalence measures all cases; incidence measures new cases.
114
29. What is the role of epidemiology in public health?
115
Identifying disease causes
patterns
116
30. What is an epidemic?
117
A sudden increase in disease cases in a specific area.
118
31. What is a pandemic?
119
A global outbreak of a disease.
120
32. What is an endemic disease?
121
A disease constantly present in a population.
122
33. What is the epidemiological triangle?
123
A model showing the interaction between agent
host
124
34. What are the components of the epidemiological triangle?
125
Agent
host
126
35. What is an example of an environmental risk factor?
127
Pollution leading to respiratory diseases.
128
36. What is an example of a behavioral risk factor?
129
Smoking increasing the risk of lung disease.
130
37. What is the purpose of disease surveillance?
131
Monitoring and controlling disease spread in populations.
132
38. What is syndromic surveillance?
133
Detecting outbreaks by identifying symptom clusters early.
134
39. What is sentinel surveillance?
135
Monitoring trends using selected health facilities or groups.
136
40. What is primary prevention?
137
Preventing disease before it occurs (e.g.
vaccination
138
41. What is secondary prevention?
139
Early detection and treatment of disease to prevent progression.
140
42. What is tertiary prevention?
141
Rehabilitation and treatment to prevent worsening of an existing disease.
142
43. What is the difference between elimination and eradication?
143
Elimination reduces cases to zero in a region; eradication removes it worldwide.
144
44. What is the leading cause of mortality worldwide?
145
Non-communicable diseases such as heart disease and cancer.
146
45. What is an example of a non-communicable disease prevention strategy?
147
Regular physical activity and a balanced diet.
148
46. What is case fatality rate?
149
The percentage of people who die from a disease among those diagnosed.
150
47. What is maternal mortality rate?
151
The number of pregnancy-related deaths per 100
000 live births.
152
48. What is infant mortality rate?
153
The number of infant deaths per 1
000 live births.
154
49. What is the crude death rate?
155
The total number of deaths per 1
000 people in a population.
156
50. What is an attack rate?
157
A type of incidence rate used during epidemics.
158
51. What is the goal of disease control programs?
159
Reducing disease incidence
prevalence
160
52. How does sanitation impact communicable diseases?
161
Poor sanitation increases the risk of waterborne diseases.
162
53. What is an outbreak investigation?
163
Identifying and controlling disease spread in a specific location.
164
54. What is the difference between morbidity and mortality?
165
Morbidity refers to illness rates; mortality refers to death rates.
166
55. What are the three types of epidemiological studies?
167
Descriptive
analytical
168
56. What is a descriptive epidemiological study?
169
A study that focuses on person
place
170
57. What is an analytical epidemiological study?
171
A study that examines causes and risk factors for diseases.
172
58. What is an experimental epidemiological study?
173
A study where researchers intervene
such as in vaccine trials.
174
59. What is a cross-sectional study?
175
A study that examines a population at a single point in time.
176
60. What is a cohort study?
177
A study that follows a group over time to observe disease occurrence.
178
61. What is a case-control study?
179
A study comparing people with a disease to those without to identify risk factors.
180
62. What is an ecological study?
181
A study that analyzes population-level data rather than individual data.
182
63. What are modifiable risk factors?
183
Lifestyle factors like smoking
diet
184
64. What are non-modifiable risk factors?
185
Genetics
age
186
65. What is the web of causation model in epidemiology?
187
A framework showing multiple interconnected disease causes.
188
66. What is the chain of infection?
189
The process by which an infectious disease spreads from one host to another.
190
67. What are the components of the chain of infection?
191
Infectious agent
reservoir
192
68. What is an emerging infectious disease?
193
A new or re-emerging disease with increasing incidence.
194
69. What is an example of an occupational disease?
195
Asbestosis from prolonged asbestos exposure.
196
70. What is the difference between endemic and epidemic?
197
Endemic diseases are always present; epidemics are sudden outbreaks.
198
71. What is a pandemic?
199
A disease outbreak that spreads across multiple countries or continents.
200
72. What is active surveillance?
201
Public health officials actively collect disease data through investigations.
202
73. What is passive surveillance?
203
Health providers report diseases voluntarily based on set guidelines.
204
74. What is sentinel surveillance?
205
Selected health facilities monitor trends to provide early warnings.
206
75. What is syndromic surveillance?
207
Detecting outbreaks by monitoring symptoms before diagnosis.
208
76. What is herd immunity threshold?
209
The percentage of a population that must be immune to stop disease spread.
210
77. What is a notifiable disease?
211
A disease that must be reported to public health authorities by law.
212
78. What is an incubation period?
213
The time between exposure and symptom onset.
214
79. What are secondary attack rates?
215
The proportion of susceptible individuals who become infected from a primary case.
216
80. What is case-fatality rate?
217
The proportion of people diagnosed with a disease who die from it.
218
81. What is a re-emerging disease?
219
A disease that was previously controlled but is now increasing in incidence.
220
82. What are the three levels of disease prevention?
221
Primary
secondary
222
83. What is chemoprophylaxis?
223
The use of drugs to prevent disease
such as malaria prophylaxis.
224
84. What is the importance of screening in epidemiology?
225
Early detection of diseases to improve outcomes and reduce transmission.
226
85. What is the difference between isolation and quarantine?
227
Isolation separates sick individuals; quarantine separates exposed individuals.
228
86. What is an example of a disease eradicated through vaccination?
229
Smallpox.
230
87. What is a community health assessment?
231
A systematic process of identifying key health needs in a community.
232
88. What is an example of a disease targeted for elimination?
233
Measles.
234
89. What are host factors in disease causation?
235
Age
genetics
236
90. What is an example of a social determinant of health?
237
Income level affecting access to healthcare.
238
91. What is vector control in epidemiology?
239
Strategies to reduce disease-carrying organisms like mosquitoes.
240
92. What is the main goal of epidemiology?
241
To prevent and control diseases in populations.
242
93. What is a pandemic preparedness plan?
243
A strategy to prevent and respond to widespread disease outbreaks.
244
94. What are the main sources of epidemiological data?
245
Surveys
hospital records
246
95. What is a reproductive number (R0) in epidemiology?
247
The average number of secondary cases caused by one infected individual.
248
96. What is an example of a health promotion strategy?
249
Anti-smoking campaigns to prevent lung diseases.
250
97. What is an epidemiological curve?
251
A graph showing disease occurrence over time.
252
98. What is a risk factor in epidemiology?
253
Any attribute or exposure that increases disease likelihood.
254
99. What is the purpose of public health surveillance?
255
To detect and monitor disease trends for control and prevention.
256
100. What is the final step in an epidemiological investigation?
257
Implementing control measures and evaluating their effectiveness.
